Trailblazers of Diversity – Felix Gutierrez
AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
School of Journalism
University of Texas at Austin
The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them.
We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews.
Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms.
Interview Subject: Felix Gutierrez
Interviewer: Kyle Hukins
Interview date: 08/07/2013
Number of Recorded Segments: 3
Interview length: 00:46:27
Language: English
Reviewer: Trent Boulter
Date of review for index: 12/17/14
Table of Contents:
0:00 – 0:53 Start and Intro
(How did you get involved with journalism)
0:53 Talks about his parents involvement in journalism while in college in Arizona (mother) and California (father). Even talking about how they met through their work. Is father then became a school teacher before dying from cancer.
2:51 Later in Jr. High and High school he started working for the school papers and went to Cal State LA, but didn’t major in journalism (1961). He majored in Social Studies so that he might be teach after school, just in case.
4:15 After getting his degree and then credential in education, he wanted to do what he loved and so went to get his Masters in Journalism at Northwestern
4:35 It was during the Vietnam War and the draft but after the war he applied for both types of jobs and only got one teaching offer in California.
5:12 he took a job at Cal State LA in service learning. He wanted to do journalism, not higher education.
5:47 He did what he could with different publications and media relations, helping coordinate different interviews and things. That experience gave him a completely different perspective on journalism and the way stories were produced. It also helped him to get to know people in the industry.
7:20 In 1969 he decided that if he couldn’t get into the newsroom he wanted to have an impact on the newsroom by becoming a journalism professor.
(awareness of minorities in journalism in connection with parents work?)
8:05 It was an integration generation but you couldn’t play that racial card. He was a trailblazer because he was the first latin American to do everything that he wanted to do. (Editor of school paper, etc.)
9:11 He knew there was a need to break through, but it was by showing that you could do everything you were expected to do.
9:32 When he saw the media trying to make sense of racial issues and being unable to explain things or understand, he realized that there was a larger agenda that needed to be brought up. That led to the government reports as well.
10:32 “Media had always been an issue for us, but we hadn’t always been an issue for media” and that led him to journalism education.
(What was your thinking about future generations of minorities as you went into journalism education?)
11:10 He was able to see both sides of the coin of Affirmative Action. That kept him from getting a job beforehand, and got him a job as an assistant dean at Stanford 1969. You had to grab the opportunity while you could. Learn what you can learn, but use it to advance what’s important to you.
13:10 He made a conscious decision to get into higher education.
(Did you continue to see the need to address diversity in higher education?)
13:57 The difference between assimilation, integration, and full participation.
15:07 The power that comes with an advanced degree. Redefining knowledge in new ways
16:14 Talks about his first job teaching at Cal State Northridge and wanting students to have a different experience than he did.
(Diversity was always your focus)
17:14 People always approached him saying “Why would you do that?” It wasn’t “don’t”.
(The practice of dominant culture to keep minorities accomplishments in the shadows)
19:00 Those minority facts of history were used as a footnote, nothing more.
(the advocacy and mentoring in his teaching)
20:01 It wasn’t a factor in his career until he got into a PhD program. But he never intended to forget about the fact that he was a Mexican American.
22:09 He joined AEJMC because there was a minority division that allowed him in. It provided him with a new perspective and helped him to see that he wasn’t alone in his interests regarding racial issues.
24:18 The process about how he got a paper accepted to AEJMC for the first time in 1976.
25:22 His first experience at AEJMC. Seeing things as a wider movement and not just a black and white issue. It was his first exposure to how the mentoring and structure works in academia.
(Challenges that you’ve had)
27:20 The first challenge is to produce. It’s all about being able to deliver and providing the information that’s needed.
29:08 You feel lonely when you’re out there doing work and you’re not sure what you’re going to find or whether people are going to be interested in it or not. That’s where AEJMC comes in.
30:09 With hiring it’s more difficult because people kept saying that there weren’t qualified candidates.
31:25 Corporations started diversity programs and looked to people like him for help.
32:28 Broadcasting was different because they were under federal regulation.
(How has the struggle changed over time?)
33:14 It’s gone from uni-dimensional on both sides to multi-dimensional on both sides. All different minorities, gender, and sexual orientation. You have to know your own base before you go into forming coalitions. The demographics of the country is changing as well.
35:08 Journalism education is still stuck on an integration model and need to look more at the breadth of opportunities available.
(Academia diversity challenges)
36:34 “I don’t put any blame on higher education” It’s got to be based on alliances and what your allies are doing.
37:26 Higher education is changing. It’s fantastically expensive. Professors are also being pulled away from teaching to writing and research.
(Polarization and where things are with diversity and racism)
39:44 We’re at a critical point and an assimilation point. It’s a matter of numbers and majorities regardless of the fact that this country is all immigrants. We need to expand participation. Signs in English only.
41:30 The similarities between Underground Railroad and Central American migration now.
42:50 By going to the segmented “niche” market media we are losing ground and practicing selective exposure. And it is becoming very polarizing
43:57 The biggest roles he’s had are as a Teacher, Scholar, and Advocate and anyone interested in furthering these ideals has to play all three. Scholar needs to document beyond the rhetoric. From broad sweep to specifics. Look for ways to help others and it’s a way of life.
Trailblazers
AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity Oral History Project
About
The AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity’s oral history project is a series of recorded interviews with key individuals who have made a difference in the efforts furthering diversity in journalism, its education and research.
Coordinators
Committee Chair: Dr. Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, The University of Texas at Austin | Executive Producer: Trent R. Boulter, PhD Student, The University of Texas at Austin |
Tips to Conduct Oral History Interviews
Steps to Doing the Interview | Sample Interview Index | Interview Agreement | Criteria for Selecting Interviewees | Interview Guidelines and Suggested Questions
Interviews
View AEJMC video interviews below of AEJMC Trailblazers: Loren Ghiglione | Ramon “Ray” Chavez | Felix Gutierrez | Barbara Hines | Lawrence Kaggwa | Lillian Kopenhaver | Larry O’Donnell | Paula Poindexter | Gerald M. “Jerry” Sass | Linda Shockley | Reginald Stuart | Federico Subervi | Clint Wilson.
See additional interviews at the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin
Interview with Loren GhiglioneProfessor Emeritus, Northwestern University. |
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Interview with Ramon “Ray” ChavezInstructor at the University of Oklahoma. |
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Interview with Felix GutierrezProfessor Emeritus, University of Southern California; Vice President, Freedom Forum Pacific Coast Center. |
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Interview with Barbara HinesProfessor Emeritus, Howard University; AEJMC President 2008-2009. |
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Interview with Lawrence KaggwaProfessor, Howard University. |
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Interview with Lillian KopenhaverConducted by: Barbara Hines |
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Interview with Larry O’DonnellConducted by: Linda Shockley |
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Interview with Paula PoindexterAssociate Professor, University of Texas at Austin; Creator of News Engagement Day and AEJMC Past President. |
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Interview with Gerald M. “Jerry” SassConducted by: Frank Sotomayor |
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Interview with Linda ShockleyManaging Director, Dow Jones Newspaper Fund. |
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Interview with Reginald StuartNewspaper Correspondent and Corporate Recruiter. |
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Interview with Federico SuberviAssociate Professor, Kent State University; Director, Latinos and Media Center; Chair, AEJMC Commission on the Status of Minorities. |
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Interview with Clint WilsonProfessor Emeritus, Howard University; Head, AEJMC Minorities and Communication Division. |
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AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity – Clint Wilson
AEJMC Trailblazers of Diversity in Journalism Education
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
School of Journalism
University of Texas at Austin
The purpose of this index is to mark the themes that have emerged in the interviews conducted so far. From these indexes we will develop an extensive guide of the areas to be covered in the interviewer’s story of the interview subject – and where the viewer/listener can find them.
We ask you watch the interview and give descriptions about what the interview has to say about the issues listed here. We ask you to note any NEW topics that you find in the interview – issues that are not included in this index. YOU MUST INCLUDE COUNTER OR TIMES. At the end of the index you will find a section for your comments of the interviewer in general, the interviewer and your suggestions for improvements in further interviews. We also ask you to give us your opinion on whether this interview is a good subject to be contacted for the second-level interviews.
Lastly, we appreciate feedback on this index so that we can revise future forms.
Interview Subject: Clint Wilson
Interviewer: Dr. Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez
Interview date: 5/7/2014
Number of Recorded Segments: 3
Interview length: 01:37:10
Language: English
Reviewer: Carlos Morales
Date of review for index: 6/20/14
Table of Contents:
Early experiences in journalism (2-3)
Background Questions (3-5)
Diversity awareness (5-8)
Other Experiences (8-9)
Diversity in the newsroom (9-12)
Diversity and academia (12-17)
Media and the Community (17-20)
Early Experiences in Journalism:
0:00 – 1:30 Introductions and preamble
1:46 Clint’s introduction into journalism came from his father who was an editorial political cartoonist.
1:57 His father worked for the black press. For the Los Angeles Sentinel and the California Eagle.
2:09 Clint was an only child and his father worked at home.
2:18 He brought newspapers home and would read to Clint. His father’s interest in newspapers passed onto him.
2:33 He started writing very early. In elementary school he would write stories and share them with classmates.
2:48 He had a pretty good idea that writing is something he might want to do
2:55 Throughout high school and college he started to work on the school papers.
3:07 As a senior at Cal State Los Angeles – what he refers to as the “big awakening” – Clint was offered several positions after college. He said the college had a good track record at finding students jobs post graduation.
4:07 When the department chair talked to him about these opportunities, the first thing he said was “You know, I’ve looked around and nobody wants a colored reporter”
4:11 This set Clint off on a new path.
4:20 He knew he could write well. He had already been doing this professionally for several years.
4:46 This made him wonder, “why would somebody who has the talent not be able to get a job? Why would classmates – who were less accomplished – and not black or Hispanic getting jobs?
5:06 This set a research agenda for Clint.
5:16 The ironic part, Clint says, is that once he started in higher education, suddenly he started getting offers from newspapers. Even broadcast stations.
5:45 But by then he had his career set in education.
5:55 However, Clint would work at some of these places, like AP, during summer session, or he would take a sabbatical
6:10 His career had been established because he had been denied.
Background questions
6:18 Clint went to high school in LA at Fremont high school.
6:24 He graduated in 1961
6:31 At Fremont at that time, Clint’s graduating class had 640-something students, 70 percent African American, 25 percent Latino and the rest white.
7:02 Clint says, Fremont had a decade earlier, been an all-White school. But “the flight took place” and minorities, Clint says, became the primary population at that school.
7:25 While there Clint says he had a number of Latino friends and they all saw themselves in the same boat.
7:58 He had an “inborn affinity for an understanding of that [Latino] culture”
8:20 It was an excellent preparation for when Clint would meet Felix Gutierrez.
8:50 Clint says his parents rarely talked about the status of African Americans in the United States because “a lot of it was obvious.”
9:00 Clint read the black press – he knew the issues and what was going on.
9:10 His father encouraged him to get involved at an early age.
9:14 His father told him to make sure he voted and even took him to the polls
9:24 That, Clint says, was his introduction into the political side of things.
9:33 His father, as a cartoonist in the black press was tackling those issues
9:37 Prior to the Watt’s riots, the relationship between the African American community and the Los Angeles police department was tense.
10:08 Even now, Clint says, events like the Trayvon Martin case is reminiscent of the times he grew up in (“It’s not a lot different”)
10:19 Clint says it’s interesting that someone like him who came from a middle-class background, had never been in trouble, but was still “hassled by the police.”
10:41 One time in high school, Clint remembers, he started working at the Herald Examiner in LA. He was working late one night and on his way home he was pulled over and asked to get out of the car.
11:27 In college, Clint was pulled over and the officer told him racial epithets.
11:47 These weren’t isolated events. Clint says a lot don’t understand that this happens.
12:03 When the Watt’s riots occurred, Clint didn’t participate but he understood the frustrations.
12:14 You’re aware of the oppression, Clint says, just because you live in that community.
12:35 At the time, Clint’s mother was a union seamstress. She worked downtown in the garment district.
12:48 His father worked at a bank in the evenings, because he couldn’t make enough income solely as a cartoonist.
Awareness of Diversity
13:19 Clint says his family was active in NCAAP, active in church, and grew up in the club scouts. These organizations he said were to hopefully socialize one into a “midstream.”
13:54 At no time, Clint says, did it occur to him that high school was the end of his education.
14:09 It struck him that a large number of students at Fremont high school did not go to college.
14:23 Clint knew that his classmates were capable of going to college.
14:38 At that time there was tracking. Clint was placed in the college prep group.
14:47 Out of that group all of Clint’s classmates went to college.
14:55 The key moment, Clint recalls, was in middle school. Before moving to Fremont, Clint met with a counselor at his middle school to discuss the curriculum he would take.
15:30 -16:30 Pause in story due to background noise
16:29 The counselor tells Clint if he’d prefer woodshop, electric shop, the automotive program
17:12 Clint says he didn’t mind working with wood and he’d do that.
17:22 But when his parents found out they went to the school and asked why they were placing him in these vocational areas. With his test scores and other indications, Clint’s parents said he’d be able to do well in the college prep.
17:45 The counselor’s changed Clint’s curriculum.
17:51 As a kid, Clint thought woodshop would be an easier way out.
18:06 That was the nature of the schools at that time, Clint recalled.
18:12 Even if you had the intellectual capacity to do something beyond vocational tracks, you would be steered in that direction.
18:34 He never really thought about this moment until he was older and reflected on this time and how things were.
18:44 Growing up, Clint’s family didn’t have a lot of money. But there were options he said, like community college for little and work your way up. So Clint went to community college at LA City College
19:03 After LA City College he transferred to Cal State LA.
19:09 At LA City College he became a journalism major and worked his way up.
19:20 His last year there, elections for editor were held. He and another student – a white candidate – were the two running for the position.
19:52 His classmates told him that he’ll be the next editor.
20:04 On election day, Clint said that the next editor would be revealed by 1 o’clock during a staff meeting.
20:31 The meeting ended up starting late. The Chair of the department said it was a close election and that Clint’s opponent would be the next editor.
21:04 But Clint had reservations. He felt the chair’s wording was weird and that it was strange that the staff meeting was delayed.
21:10 The other students, according to Clint, were baffled, wondering how this happened.
21:18 In Clint’s mind, this was “racism at its best.” He was the only black student in his class and this was his first experience in a predominantly white environment.
21:38 The students were saying one thing, but the outcome was different.
21:53 The Chair said that since the election was so close that they would make Clint the managing editor. Normally, the editor-in-chief picks the staffs.
22:06 Years later, as Clint is working on his doctorate, he’s teaching at Cal State LA. One of his colleagues on the faculty had formerly been on the faculty at LA City College.
22:40 During lunch with Clint, his colleague revealed that he’ll “never forget how they kept him from being editor.”
23:00 The colleague goes on to tell Clint that the department had a faculty meeting and that the chairwoman told the faculty that Clint had won in a landslide. However, she was determined that there wouldn’t be an African-American editor as long as she chaired that department.
23:29 Clint never knew that, although he had his suspicions.
23:48 It’s an interesting area of study, Clint says.
24:00 He clears this up, adding: “Communication is so important. It can marginalize communities. If you don’t have a voice and you can’t acquire it in a mainstream environment, then you’re subject to whatever news they’re going to report about your community.”
24:38 The highest level of educational attainment for both of his parents was high school.
24:56 Clint didn’t concentrate on stories about African Americans.
25:05 This is because, Clint says, to be a well-rounded reporter you need to cover a lot of different topics.
25:13 So he started in sports.
25:24 There are events in sports, Clint says, that help you sharpen your journalistic skills.
25:39 Early on, Clint covered campus affairs, educational issues, etc.
25:58 A memorable story: Clint went to report on a lecture by a scientist from the jet propulsion lab. The scientist was discussing the lunar landing module.
26:15 On the blackboard were symbols, Clint knew he “was in trouble.”
(clip break)
Other Experiences
26:41 At a conference in Houston, Texas during the late 70s, Clint received a note from the head of operation Breadbasket in Houston.
27:20 He wanted to talk to Clint because he had seen some of his research.
27:55 This man needed someone to come up with a program and asked Clint to join their board of directors.
28:16 This takes place over the period of a years
28:22 Clint was introduced and told them what initiatives and research.
29:14 All of tis happened in the 1980s during the Regan administration.
29:32 Before that time, Clint wasn’t a member of the Black Media Coalition
29:54 Black Media Coalition was a national group but it was based in Houston
30:16 The NABJ starts around 1975.
30:25 NABJ was inevitable, Clint says. Following a report, the mainstream media started hiring African-Americans into the newsroom. In doing so, they raided the black press
31:01 They were lured away with higher salaries and the opportunity to speak with a larger audience.
31:29 Clint describes this as a double-edged sword: this integration of African-Americans into white media was a major blow to the black press
32:31 The development of NABJ developed because of this integration. Black journalists were limited in the stories they’d cover, or they weren’t being promoted like their white colleagues were.
33:28 Although there was a larger number of African-American reporters, Clint said that insensitivity to these issues still continued.
33:29 This created friction amongst colleagues
34:06 NABJ became an institution in which those individual journalists could address those concerns in a collective kind of way.
34:36 At the same time the Kerner Commision asked higher education folks to put some people of color “in the pipeline.”
35:16 Everybody believed that integration was a good idea (in these higher education organizations) but no one was doing anything, Clint said.
35:26 At the local level, Clint was a founder of the BJA of Southern California, an NABJ chapter.
35:45 He was teaching at Cal State during this time. He began meeting with his black friends from area media like the LA Times and discussing these issues.
36:14 Three of them decided to start the organization.
36:20 (break)
36:36 The founders of the organization were Valerie (Clint can’t remember last name), she was a writer for the style section at the La Times; Bill Luis, a black cameraman at NBC – the 3 of them started talking and things developed from there.
37:18 They were able to get the organization started successfully and then applied to be apart of the national group. It still exists today.
Diversity and the newsroom
38:05 Clint remembers certain stories that advanced the cause of diversity in a negative way.
38:39 At the LA Times there was a black woman, and her colleagues made sexual comments about her.
39:02 Clint’s colleagues knew he wouldn’t partake in these jokes and stopped talking to him about it.
39:11 Another example, Clint says, happened at the times, too.
39:27 A story came across Clint’s desk. His story was about a shooting in South-Central LA. It was full of language implying this was gang related. But the facts, to Clint, didn’t seem to suggest this wasn’t the case.
40:18 There was one source, a cop, who believed this was gang-related violence.
40:32 Clint removed that graph from the article. The next day the reporter was livid.
41:16 Another instance, Clint recalls, occurred during a summer he worked at AP.
41:31 This occurred during the 1980s while Clint was at USC teaching.
41:38 A news advisory came across the wire saying that the LA county health department is going to have a news conference to discuss the deaths of 5 hispanics in East LA.
42:06 It didn’t suggest violence, Clint says. He then passed it on to the Editor’s desk saying this needed to be covered.
42:28 They didn’t do anything, however.
42:42 Later that day, they saw on TV, that the lead story was about these deaths, which were caused by tainted cheese found in this community.
43:24 They came to Wilson, who was on the desk at the time, and asked why this wasn’t covered.
43:33 They later recognized that they blew that story
43:49 They key thing here, Clint says, is that this happened in East LA. Any time 5 people die – for whatever reason – it needs to be covered. That’s news 101.
44:14 Days later they apologized to Clint, saying that they dropped the ball.
44:24 This mentality amazes Clint.
44:43 That experience, specifically, was very instructive because it showed Clint how things worked and why certain things are covered and certain things are not.
45:00 He hopes things are better now, but he says he doesn’t believe the Trayvon Martin story is an isolated event.
45:16 Clint mentions a movie, Fruitdale Station. It’s about a young man that’s kill by the police in that area. These events aren’t infrequent, Clint says.
45:30 Clint says that the notion that people in 2013 think this is an isolated event is mindboggling
45:57 His family didn’t talk about civil rights per se, but Clint was always told that when a cop approaches you don’t give them any hassle.
46:30 “You grow up that way – if you want to survive”
46:53 Clint says that younger colleagues were more observant of his role and status at the newspaper. Older ones, were resentful of Clint’s position.
47:23 There was a diversity role that needed to be filled, Clint says. Whether or not his boss at paper was sincere in his decision remains to be seen.
48:05 The reception generally among his colleagues wasn’t too warm, Clint says.
48:29 The Times wrote a series of stories about black criminal gangs leaving Watts to commit crimes.
49:38 The first headline read: “Marauders from South L.A. Invade”
49:47 Clint was shocked.
49:52 He says the Times spent a lot of money setting up a dummy storefront across the street from the neighborhood these reported gang members lived in.
50:08 Reporters hid inside. The idea was to notice people leaving, presumably getting on this freeway (which was referred to in print as “Nairobi highway”) to commit crimes elsewhere.
50:38 Clint wrote a letter to the editor about this, while he was still working the desk.
50:51 Clint says he was ostracized.
50:55 If something came across his desk, his colleagues would say “Clint wouldn’t want to deal with this ‘cause he thinks we’re all a bunch of racists.” These are the types of comments he received.
51:39 These kinds of stories, Clint hopes, are isolated now.
51:48 This whole thing has been a gradual process.
51:52 Clint is worried that as we get to the point where newspapers are declining in revenue and circulation, there will be fewer and fewer voices for underrepresented communities.
52:14 (quick pause due to noise)
52:29 Clint says there are fewer and fewer people of color that are representing those communities. There’s even a dearth of whites who are sensitive to these issues.
53:04 As these communities are becoming a larger part of the demographics of the United States, at the same time we see the media becoming less representative of those voices.
53:26 The interest in doing this kind of thing has peaked and we’re going down again. We’re loosing people right and left in the industry, Clint says.
Diversity and Academia
53:40 Clint got his Ph.D from USC.
54:24 For many years, Clint ran the summer programs for minority students. He started at Cal State LA.
54:45 For about 10 years he did this program. And were mainly funded by the Wall Street Journal.
54:53 They – Clint and Feliex – started with the multicultural group and as the program got larger they continued to get grants for their efforts.
55:30 The idea was to give these kids a start early.
55:33 The other issue was the de-emphasis of journalism in high school.
55:40 They were trying to fill that void at that level.
55:54 When you talk to educators, they say the main problem is there were pressures put on the curriculum to do other things.
56:09 Also, these programs were expensive. The equipment, how to print a paper – the costs added up.
56:25 At Fremont High School, Clint says they had their own print shop.
56:33 Their journalism program wrote the articles and the print shop printed the articles and the paper came out, Clint said.
56:44 The students, at the beginning of every school year had the option of subscribing to the paper – it was a means of making revenue.
57:08 The benefit for the print shop is they were teaching this craft so it all made sense, Clint said.
57:10 But not many high schools have print shops on campus so they had to find other means of printing.
57:29 That was only true in certain areas, Clint adds. “If you were in a more affluent area, you did have access to those things.”
57:55 Although there is the internet, Clint says students still need to be taught journalistic ethics, reportorial skills, what’s worth reporting and what’s not, etc.
58:05 (Break in recording)
58:19 Clint’s book is now in its 4th edition.
58:28 He’s not sure how many books have been sold, but it’s done very well.
58:43 Last he’s heard, more than 100 colleges and universities use it.
59:07 Clint says it’s rewarding because it laid the groundwork for that field of endeavors.
59:17 That helps people to publish in this area and build their portfolios.
59:32 It’s the combination, Clint says, of having a diversity standard and accreditation.
1:00:08 The first piece Clint wrote academically came out in Journalism Educator.
1:00:14 He was at Cal State LA. Clint’s research was on black journalism students. The research, Clint says reflected his experience: You have these people graduating but they’re not being hired.
1:00:53 In Clint’s research he found that students that are active on the campus newspaper had the best opportunities of getting jobs upon graduation
1:01:10 Those with internships also fared a better chance
1:01:16 But a look at the student body revealed that there were very few minorities
1:01:32 The faculty, Clint says, has a large part in that. They’re not pushing for recruitment, retention, or finding students employment post graduation.
1:01:49 Part of that, Clint believes, has to do with the fact that they’re white. “You look out for your own”, he says.
1:02:00 It occurred to Clint that they needed to get more people of color and women on these faculties.
1:02:10 There have been inroads, but it’s a work in progress.
1:02:20 That was around the time that Clint started going to AEJMC
1:02:35 Here, he met people, who were seeing the same issues in journalism he was.
1:02:48 Clint previously served on the centennial commission.
1:03:13 Armistead Pride was the chair at Lincoln University in Missouri, the prominent journalism university for African Americans
1:03:36 Pride was the first African-American faculty member in AEJ.
1:03:39 Clint read Pride’s book on the history of AEJ and wanted to include it in the centennial book (which never came out).
1:04:06 AEJ has had women almost from the beginning, but not many.
1:04:19 Multiculturalism needed to be a huge component of that book, Clint says.
1:04:38 Clint pushed for its inclusion. Others thought it was weak.
1:05:05 Clint believes there could’ve been a more concerted effort to track this information and the development of faculty of color down.
1:05:33 In 1978, there was a study of the faculty and the researcher found that as late of 1978 there 98 percent of the faculty were white males.
1:06:04 That was an astonishing realization, Clint says. The Kerner report had been out for 10 years by that point.
1:06:15 This is something that Lionel Barrel was addressing from the beginning.
1:06:23 Clint isn’t sure whether he was the second-ever black person at AEJ, but he was one of the firsts.
1:06:45 As we begin to discuss these issues of race in America, we look at the industry and point the finger, Clint says
1:07:00 Clint brings up an anecdote. He was reading an article in the Washington Post. The lead, he says, was essentially that as President Obama walks into a room to discuss race in America, all the reporters covering it are white.
1:07:28 When he comes into the room to discuss immigration, all the reporters are white, Clint says. There are no Hispanics in the room to ask questions or illuminate this issue.
1:07:52 Clint brings up this anecdote, because it’s still a problem still in the industry, but
1:07:57 Clint wonders what kind of innovative ways, if any, are being applied to bring in young, diverse people into the academy.
1:08:39 Clint uses another anecdote to illustrate a point.
1:08:48 His student, a doctoral graduate, recently got his degree. He’s an assistant professor
1:09:37 Clint was also weary of the fact that you have to do these things in the academy if you’re to succeed. Is this issue being taken seriously enough?
1:09:50 If they really want to get a diverse faculty, Clint says, extra effort will have to be made.
1:10:00 He suggests lightening the teaching load, or extra mentoring to make sure that these professors don’t get lost in the system.
1:10:22 It’s really no different than the industry’s situation, Clint says.
1:10:29 “It’s not enough to just give lip service to it”, Clint says. You can’t just hire a person and then put extra expectations on them that nobody in the organization has to address.
1:10:55 This takes extraordinary effort on the part of those in power, Clint says.
1:11:04 It won’t happen on its own, Clint says. “What incentive is there for somebody to go through all this when there’s no real commitment.”
1:11:40 These are bright people with options, Clint says.
1:12:14 These faculty members are “precious jewel”, Clint says. “You need to nurture this and help this person along.”
1:12:30 Clint’s graduate students often ask him if there will be a job for them
1:12:49 There are pressures on these students/faculty members, and Clint believes the academy needs to realize that.
1:13:05 While in graduate school, Clint didn’t have to get many loans. He could afford the tuition at Cal state and then used the GI bill to get his Master’s and doctorate at USC.
1:13:42 He was the only black student in the program. At both the Master’s level and doctorate level.
1:14:36 At Cal State LA his curriculum didn’t really center on diversity.
1:14:41 He taught news writing and reporting, history of media,
1:15:16 One of the things that attracted Clint to teach history was the fact that every history course he took never covered colored people.
1:15:41 The message, Clint says, is that these people are not important.
1:16:02 Additionally, he’s taught mass communication,
1:16:20 You have a certain student body, Clint says, and he felt it was important that they know something about their history in the industry.
1:16:33 At USC, he started his own course. The textbook, minorities in the media, became the basis for the course at USC.
1:16:47 This move was approved by the faculty. It became an elective course.
1:16:57 He also taught introductory mass communication course.
1:17:13 In this class Clint would introduce a unit on people of color in the media.
1:17:25 It was generally well received, he said. But there was always a handful of students questioning its merit.
1:17:41 At Howard, there was more of a background for teaching about people of color in communications.
1:17:57 There was already a course there called “History of the Black and White press.”
1:18:09 When Clint took that course over, he refined it to include the history of multicultural media. He wanted to be as inclusive as possible.
1:18:38 The cultural mix, at Howard, is greater than people think
1:19:03 Every couple of years, Clint teaches, an undergraduate course, but his focus has mainly been on graduate courses.
1:19:30 He has a course on the Black Press, specifically. The other courses he teaches are on pop culture and mass media
1:19:53 He also teaches a sports and media culture course
1:21:11 Clint is often interviewed by established news media, primarily around Black History Month.
1:21:25 Clint served several years on the board of the NAPA, the black press. He was the board of directors on their foundation.
1:21:47 A number of publishers will go to Clint, inquiring about the history of their paper, or if he’ll write a history of their paper.
1:22:10 He’s done a couple of NPR interviews
1:22:17 People in the community don’t really seek out Clint.
1:22:23 At USC he did more community engagement.
1:22:36 He had a couple of seminars for the community on how to deal with the media. For example, a church group would ask how they get positive messages about the community out.
The Media and the community
1:23:20 There is a distrust, Clint says, of general-audience media in the community.
1:23:33 The summer Clint worked at AP, one of the anniversaries of the Watt’s riot came up. “Wilson, that would be a good assignment for you.”
1:23:50 In doing that story, he found there was a lot of distrust, because he was representing AP.
1:24:05 It takes a while to talk to people and show them your sincerity, Clint says.
1:24:25 “I may work for the enemy, but I’m representing you”
1:23:53 Clint thinks it’s all about the readership because anything he does “is filtered through my cultural experience.”
1:25:19 There’s no question that either an editor or as a reporter, Clint decides the content that’s in there.
1:25:35 If something seems too stereotypical, Clint avoids it. He want readers to see causal things, how did things get to be this way?
1:26:09 It’s the responsibility of all reporters to be accurate
1:26:19 Years ago, Clint wrote about his belief that in many instances many well-meaning white reporters are unaware. “When they go into our communities it’s like going into a foreign venue.”
1:26:45 It’s almost like sending an American reporter, who doesn’t know any background information, to Afghanistan, and starts writing away.
1:27:02 A lot of that is subtle, but to Clint it’s fundamental reporting that his job is to present the truth as he sees it. And when you only have a part of the truth, your reporting is affected.
1:27:43 Much of the reporting is the truth, but not the whole truth.
1:28:00 That kind of perspective is the absolute epitome of solid reporting. We don’t get that if we don’t have a cultural understanding, Clint says.
1:28:38 Clint has no problem telling a source the quote he’ll use because he wants to be as accurate as possible.
1:29:03 He likes to think that almost all our reporters of color and women see things through another lens. There’s a sense of obligation to be accurate.
1:29:37 Without the Kernner Commision report, Clint believes we’d still be where we are today.
1:29:50 Clint doesn’t see any particular allegiance to the report.
1:30:01 He thinks that within 10 years of the report it became passé
1:30:16 He believes there have been other forces that have been more important, socio-cultural events that have made a difference.
1:30:33 Specifically, the movements, gay rights, issues with respect to reproductive rights. Clint says there’s been a shift in society.
1:30:58 Changes in demographics have also had profound influence.
1:31:15 There’s been – in some instances – better reporting by whites, Clint says
1:31:22 The Kerner report brought it to our consciousness, but that’s it
1:31:42 Clint uses an anecdote to illustrate his point
1:31:42 A professor once told him that ‘Americans can’t concentrate any one issue for too long. They may seem gung-ho about it, but something else will happen and draw their attention away.”
1:32:16 When Clint thinks about the Kerner report he sees it in a similar vein. It was something that struck at the communication industry, but the general population has no idea what this report means or its implications.
1:32:34 Clint believes that the initial reaction was one of embarrassment
1:33:32 It had the collective attention for a few years, Clint says, but there was no commitment.
1:33:40 The first couple of years were an attempt to fix that initial embarrassment
1:34:00 Clint wonders why summer programs for minority journalists stopped. “Are we suggesting this problem has been resolved?”
1:34:13 Clint says that some use the recession or state of the newspaper industry as an excuse: “how can we hire more people?” The irony of that, Clint says, is that some papers could’ve survived had they taken note of the demographic shift
1:34:30 In an article Clint co-wrote, Otis Chandler, publisher of the LA Times, said when African-Americans, Latinos and Asians get sophisticated enough they will become readers of the LA Times and when they become readers then our advertisers will jump on board
1:35:07 Clint doesn’t agree. “Advertisers have no allegiance to the media, only to those who can deliver the audience.
1:35:19 “If you’re sitting in the middle of Los Angeles in a sea of black, brown, yellow – all kinds of faces – and you’re not addressing the needs of those communities, you are going to die.”
1:35:50 Clint believes that if diversity “takes a back seat” then our society will be in trouble.
1:36:00 Corporate America will be the first to take notice the demographic shift, because their livelihood depends on extracting dollars from the consumers
1:36:46 Media that doesn’t change will be in trouble.
1:36:51 Clint’s concern right now is that digital media operations are as interested in multiculturalism as they should be
AEJMC Award Recipients
Baskett Mosse Award for Faculty Development
The Baskett Mosse Award for Faculty Development was created by AEJMC and the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications in honor of the late Baskett Mosse, executive secretary of the Accrediting Committee for 26 years. The award recognizes an outstanding young or mid-career faculty member and helps fund a proposed enrichment activity. (Not awarded annually. Next award year is 2025.)
2023 — Amy Simons, Missouri
2022 — No award winner this year
2021 — Karen Assmann, University of Georgia
2019 — Michelle K. Baker, Pennsylvania State
2017 — Janice Collins, Illinois
2015 — Kim Smith, North Carolina A&T
2013 — Homero Gil de Zúñiga, Texas at Austin
2011 — Murgur Geana, Kansas
2009 — Barbara Friedman, North Carolina
2005 — Robert Kerr, Oklahoma
2003 — Sandra Chance, Florida
2002 — Laura Castañeda, Southern California
2001 — Andrew Mendelson, Temple
2000 — Jan LeBlanc Wicks, Arkansas-Fayetteville
1999 — Debashis Aikat, North Carolina
1998 — Lauren Tucker, South Carolina
1996 — Sue A. Lafky, Iowa
1995 — Kathleen Fearn-Banks, Washington
1994 — Laurence B. Alexander, Florida
1993 — Glen Cameron, Georgia
1992 — Joy Morrison, Alaska-Fairbanks
1991 — Lael Morgan, Alaska-Fairbanks
1990 — C. Zoe Smith, Marquette
1989 — Stephen R. Lacy, Michigan State
Charles Salmon, Wisconsin-Madison
1988 — Terry Hynes, California State, Fullerton
1987 — Tony Atwater, Michigan State
1986 — Patrick S. Washburn, Ohio
1985— Margaret Ann Blanchard, North Carolina
1984— Donna Lee Dickerson, South Florida (first)
Eleanor Blum Distinguished Service to Research Award
This award was created by the AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Research to recognize a person who has devoted a substantial part of his/her career to promoting research in mass communication. It is named in honor of the first recipient, Eleanor Blum, a communication librarian. This is not an annual award.
2023 — Patricia Moy, Washington
2022 — No award winner this year
2021 — Louisa Ha, Bowling Green State
2020 — Linda Steiner, Maryland
2019 — Melvin DeFleur, Louisiana State (posthumously)
2017 — Esther Thorson, Michigan State
2016 — Paula Poindexter, Texas at Austin
2014 — Dan Riffe, North Carolina-Chapel Hill
2008 — Maurine Beasley, Maryland
2007 — Patrick Washburn, Ohio
2006 — James W. Tankard, Jr., Texas at Austin (posthumously)
2005 — Margaret Blanchard, North Carolina (posthumously)
2004 — Everette E. Dennis, Fordham
2003 — James A. Crook, Tennessee
2001 — Barbara Semouche, North Carolina
1996 — Frances Wilhoit, Indiana
1989 — Guido Stempel, III, Ohio
1986 — Ed Emery, Minnesota
1983 — Raymond B. Nixon, Minnesota
1980 — Eleanor Blum, Illinois (first)
Gene Burd Award for Excellence in Urban Journalism Winners
The Gene Burd Award for Excellence in Urban Journalism is named after Gene Burd, Professor of Journalism at the University of Texas, who endowed the Urban Communication Foundation who gives this award. The purpose of the Award is to reward and thereby improve the practice and study of journalism in the urban environment by recognizing high quality urban media reporting, critical analysis, and research relevant to that content and its communication about city problems, programs, policies, and public priorities in urban life and culture. Each year, AEJMC presents this award at the AEJMC Conference.2023 — Yvonne Latty, Temple
2022 — Natalie Moore, WBEZ in Chicago
2021 — Gabrielle Gurley, The American Prospect
2020 — No Award
2019 — Lolly Bowean, Chicago Tribune
2018 — Brian Lehere, Brian Talks New York Radio Show
2017 — Jeff McCarter, Free Spirit Media
2016 — Robert Campbell, The Boston Globe
2015 — Ben Katchor, cartoonist and author
2014 — Sommer Mathis, CityLab
2013 — Tom Condon, The Courant
2012 — Blair Kamin, Chicago Tribune
2011 — Susan Szenasy, METROPOLIS Magazine
2010 — Joel Kothin, Urban Historian
and Inga Saffron, Philadelphia Inquirer
2009 — Paul Goldberger, The New Yorker
2008 — Paul Goldberger, Whole Earth Catalog
2007 — Peter Applebome, New York Times
and Joel Garreau, Washington Post
2006 — John King, San Francisco ChronicleGene Burd Award for Research in Urban Journalism Studies
The purpose of this annual grant is to stimulate research that explains, enlightens, inspires, and improves the practice and study of journalism and communication in order to advance our understanding of journalism in urban environments.2023 — Kelsey N. Whipple, Massachusetts Amherst, for Parachute Journalism: How Local and Regional U.S. Journalists Construct and Perceive National Coverage of Crises in their Communities
2022 — Ayleen Cabas-Mijares, Marquette University, and Joy Jenkins, University of Tennessee, for For the Neighborhood: Examining the Role of Local Digital News in the Creation and Disruption of Territorial Stigma
2021 — George Daniels, University of Alabama for Exploring the Role of Black Newspapers Filling Urban Government News Coverage
Paul J. Deutschmann Award for Excellence in Research
This award is named in honor of Paul J. Deutschmann, who was a central force in the movement to study journalism and mass communication scientifically. He helped establish and develop the College of Communication Arts at Michigan State University, and served as director of its Communications Research Center. This award is presented by the AEJMC Elected Standing Committee on Research. This is not an annual award.
2023 — Jane Singer, City, University of London
2022 — Annie Lang, Indiana University Bloomington
2021 — Glen T. Cameron, University of Missouri
2020 — Daniel Riffe, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2019 — Esther Thorson, Michigan State
2018 — S. Shyam Sundar, Pennsylvania State
2017 — Steve Reese, Texas at Austin
2015 — Pamela J. Shoemaker, Syracuse University
2013 — Lee Becker, Georgia
2011 — Sharon Dunwoody, Wisconsin-Madison
2010 — Stephen Lacy, Michigan State
2009 — David Weaver, Indiana
2007 — Guido H. Stempell, III, Ohio
2005 — Donald L. Shaw, North Carolina
2004 — Clifford Christians, Illinois
2003 — Melvin DeFleur, Boston
2001 — Ivan Preston, Wisconsin-Madison
2000 — James Grunig, Maryland
1999 — Steven Chaffee, Stanford
1998 — Maxwell E. McCombs, Texas at Austin
1997 — Jack M. McLeod, Wisconsin-Madison
1996 — George Gerbner, Pennsylvania
1995 — Richard F. Carter, Washington
1994 — Phillip Tichenor, Minnesota
George Donohue, Minnesota
Clarice Olien, Minnesota
1993 — Wayne Danielson, Texas at Austin
1991 — Scott Cutlip, Georgia
1985 — Bruce Westley, Kentucky
1981 — Harold L. Nelson, Wisconsin-Madison
1979— J. Edward Gerald, Minnesota
1973 — Wilbur Schramm, Iowa
1972 — Ralph O. Nafziger, Minnesota/Wisconsin-Madison
1969— Chilton R. Bush, Stanford (first)
Krieghbaum Mid-Career Award
Formerly known as Krieghbaum Under 40 Award, the Krieghbaum Mid-Career Award honors AEJMC members who have shown outstanding achievement and effort in all three AEJMC areas: teaching, research and public service. The late Hillier Krieghbaum, former New York University professor emeritus and 1972 AEJMC president, created and funded the award in 1980. Annual award.
2023 — Ryan Thomas, Washington State
2022 — Linjuan Rita Men, University of Florida
2021 — Karen McIntyre, Virginia Commonwealth
2020 — Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Nanyang Technological
Janet Yang, Buffalo-The State University of New York
2019 — Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, Georgia
2018 — Shirley S. Ho, Nanyang Technological
2017 — Jakob D. Jensen, University of Utah
2016 — Jörg Matthes, Vienna
2015 — Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Vienna
2014 — Yan Jin, Virginia Commonwealth
2013 — John Besley, Michigan State
2012 — Susan Robinson, Wisconsin-Madison
2011 — Sri Kalyanaraman, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2010 — Dietram Scheufele, Wisconsin-Madison
2009 — Kimberly Bissell, Alabama
2008 — Patricia Moy, Washington
2007 — William P. Eveland, Jr., Ohio State
2006 — David S. Domke, Washington
2005 — Dhavan V. Shah, Wisconsin-Madison
2004 — Clay Calvert, Pennsylvania State
2003 — Julie Andsager, Washington State
2002 — David T.Z. Mindich, Saint Michael’s
2001 — Erica Weintraub Austin, Washington State
2000 — Carolyn Kitch, Temple
1999 — David Atkin, Cleveland State
1998 — Edward Adams, Angelo State
1997 — Annie Lang, Indiana
1996 — John Ferré, Louisville
1995 — Wayne Wanta, Oregon
1994 — Stephen D. Reese, Texas at Austin
1993 — Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Texas A&M
1992 — Carroll Glynn, Cornell
1991 — Jeff Smith, Iowa
1990 — Pamela Shoemaker, Texas at Austin
1989— Robert Drechsel, Wisconsin-Madison
1988 — Jane D. Brown, North Carolina
1987 — Theodore Glasser, Minnesota
1986— Sharon Dunwoody, Wisconsin-Madison
1985— Lee Becker, Ohio State
1984— Ellen Wartella, Illinois
1983— David Weaver, Indiana
1982— Everette Dennis, Oregon
1981— David Rubin, New York (first)
Nafziger-White-Salwen Dissertation Award
This award is named for pioneering journalism and mass communication educators Ralph O. Nafziger and David Manning White, who donated the royalties from their book Introduction to Mass Communication Research to fund the award. The award recognizes and encourages outstanding dissertation research in journalism and mass communication. Michael Salwen’s name was added to the award in 2008. Salwen, who died in 2007, was a co-author of An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, the royalties of which now help fund this award. Annual award. Year listed is year award was presented.
2023 — Chelsea Peterson-Salahuddin, Michigan
Adviser: Aymar Jean Christian, Northwestern
2022 — Rana Arafat, City University of London
Advisers: Jolanta A. Drzewiecka and Russ-Mohl
2021 — Scott Memmel, University of Minnesota
Adviser: Jane Kirtley, University of Minnesota
2020 — Qun Wang, Rutgers
Adviser: Susan Keith, Rutgers
2019 — Pallavi Guha, Maryland (Now at Towson)
Advisers: Kalyani Chadha & Linda Steiner, Maryland
2018 — Brooks Fuller, Louisiana State University
Adviser: Cathy L. Packer, professor emeritus, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2017 — Jieun Shin, University of Southern California
Adviser: Lian Jian, University of Southern California
2016 — Rodrigo Zamith, Massachusetts-Amherst
Adviser: Seth Lewis, Minnesota
2015 — Summer Harlow, Texas at Austin
Adviser: (Co-advisers) Dr. Thomas J. Johnston and Dr. Mercedes de Uriarte, Texas-Austin
2014 — Scott Parrott, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Adviser: Rhonda Gibson, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2013 — Brendan Watson, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Adviser: Daniel Riffe, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2012 — Dean Smith, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Adviser: Cathy Packer, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2011 — Matthew W. Ragas, DePaul
Adviser: Spiro Kiousis, Florida
2010 — Jeremy Littau, Lehigh
Adviser: Esther Thorson, Missouri
2009 — Leigh Moscowitz, College of Charleston
Adviser: Radhika Parameswaran, Indiana
2008 — Ronald J. “Noah” Arceneaux, San Diego State
Adviser: Jay Hamilton, Georgia
2007 — David Cuillier, Washington State
Adviser: Susan Denté Ross, Washington State
2006 — Kathy Roberts Forde, North Carolina
Adviser: Ruth Walden, North Carolina
2005 — Young Mie Kim, Illinois
Adviser: David Tewksbury, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2004 — Zala Voicic, Colorado at Boulder
Adviser: Andrew Calabrese, Colorado at Boulder
2003 — Mark Avrom Feldstein, North Carolina
Adviser: Margaret A. Blanchard, North Carolina
2002 — Carolyn Bronstein, DePaul
Adviser: James L. Baughman, Wisconsin-Madison
2001 — Edward Alwood, North Carolina
Adviser: Margaret A. Blanchard, North Carolina
2000 — Dhavan V. Shah, Wisconsin-Madison
Adviser: Daniel B. Wackman, Minnesota
1999 — Barbara Zang, Missouri
Adviser: David Nord, Indiana
1998 — Craig Trumbo, Cornell
Adviser: Garrett O’Keefe, Wisconsin-Madison
1997 — David Scott Domke, Minnesota
Adviser: Hazel F. Dicken-Garcia, Minnesota
1996 — Paul Voakes, Indiana
Adviser: Robert Drechsel, Wisconsin-Madison
1995 — Karen S. Miller, Georgia
Adviser: James L. Baughman, Wisconsin-Madison
1994 — Jane Rhodes, Indiana
Adviser: Margaret Blanchard, North Carolina
1993 — Caroline Schooler, Stanford
Adviser: Steven Chaffee, Stanford
1992 — Mark D. West, North Carolina
Adviser: Jane Brown, North Carolina
1991 — Namjun Kang, Syracuse
Adviser: George Comstock, Syracuse
1990 — Bob McChesney, Wisconsin-Madison
Adviser: William Ames, Washington
1989 — Diane C. Mutz, Wisconsin-Madison,
Adviser: Steven Chaffee, Stanford
1988 — Vincent Price, Michigan,
Adviser: Donald F. Roberts, Stanford
1987— John R. Finnegan, Jr., Minnesota,
Adviser: Hazel Dicken-Garcia, Minnesota
1986 — Jeffery Smith, Wisconsin-Madison
Adviser: Jim Baughman, Wisconsin-Madison
1985— Richard Kielbowicz, Minnesota
Advisers: Ed Emery, Minnesota; and Hazel F. Dicken-Garcia, Minnesota
1984— Ron Tamborini, Indiana (first)
Adviser: Dolf Zillmann, Indiana
AEJMC Presidential Award
Given to dedicated and long-serving AEJMC members by the current AEJMC president. The award recognizes distinguished service to journalism and mass communication education. This award is presented on an as-appropriate basis.
2023 — Alberto Ibargüen, Knight Foundation
2020 — Kyu Ho Youm, Oregon
2019 — Special statement regarding the 2019 recipient
2018 — Charles Self, 227 International, LLC
2017 — Sharon Dunwoody, Wisconsin-Madison
2016 — Barbara Hines, Howard
2015 — Pam Bourland-Davis, Georgia Southern
2014 — Carolyn Stroman, Howard
2013 — Douglas Anderson, Pennsylvania State
2011 — David T.Z. Mindich, St. Michael’s
2010 — Suzette Heiman, Missouri
2009 — Candace Perkins Bowen, Kent State
Alexis Tan, Washington State
2008 — Keith Sanders, Missouri
Silvia Pellegrini, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago
2007 — Donald Shaw, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Maxwell McCombs, Texas at Austin
2006 — David Weaver, Indiana
Cleveland Wilhoit, Indiana
2005 — Kim Rotzell, Illinois (posthumously)
2004 — Lee Becker, Georgia
Trevor Brown, Indiana
2003 — James Carey, Columbia
Clifford Christians, Illinois
2002 — Terry Michael, Washington Center for Politics and Journalism
Roberta Win, Voice of America
2001 — Susanne Shaw, Kansas
David McHam, Houston
2000 — Karen Brown Dunlap, Poynter Institute
Oscar Gandy, Pennsylvania
1999 — Mark Goodman, Student Press Law Center
1998 — Jennifer H. McGill, AEJMC/ASJMC
1997 — Lionel Barrow, Jr., Howard
1996 — Gerald M. Sass, The Freedom Forum
Steven Chaffee, Stanford
1995 — Sue A. Lafky, Iowa
Harry Heintzen, Voice of America
1994 — Edwin Emery, Minnesota
1993 — Orlando Taylor, Howard
Vernon Stone, Missouri
1992 — Sharon Brock, Ohio State
Carol Reuss, North Carolina
1991 — Bill Taft, Missouri
John Merrill, Louisiana State
1990 — Wilma Crumley, Nebraska
1989 — Hillier Krieghbaum, New York
1988 — Fred Zwahlen, Oregon State
1987 — Félix Gutiérrez, Southern California
1985 — Al Scroggins, South Carolina
1984 — Bill Chamberlin, North Carolina
Gerald Stone, Memphis State
The Charles E. Scripps Award for the Journalism & Mass Communication Administrator of the Year
This award is given in collaboration with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC). It is open to any past or present administrator of a school, department of journalism or mass communication at accredited or non-accredited schools.2022 — David D. Kurpius, Missouri (Awarded in 2023)
2021 — David Boardman, Temple University (Awarded in 2022)
2020 — Lucy Dalglish, University of Maryland (Awarded in 2021)
2019 — Susan King, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Awarded in 2020)
2018 — Diane McFarlin, University of Florida (Awarded in 2019)
2017 — Don Heider, Loyola University Chicago (Awarded in 2018)
2016 — Maryanne Reed, West Virginia University
2015 — Michael Bugeja, Iowa State
2014 — Al Tims, Minnesota
2013 — Lori Bergen, Marquette
2012 — Tim Gleason, Oregon
2011 — John Lavine, Northwestern
2010 — Paul Parsons, Elon
2009 — Chris Callahan, Arizona State
2008 — Marilyn Weaver, Ball State
2007 — David Rubin, Syracuse
2006 — Shirley Carter, South Carolina
2005 — Tom Kunkel, Maryland
2004 — Will Norton, Nebraska-Lincoln
2003 — John Hamilton, Louisiana State
2002 — Richard Lee, South Dakota State
2001 — Trevor Brown, Indiana
2000 — Jo Ann Huff Albers, Western Kentucky
1999 — No award presented this year
1998 — Bob Ruggles, Florida A&M
1997 — Terry Hynes, Florida
1996 — Doug Anderson, Arizona State
1995 — Reese Cleghorn, Maryland
1994 — Ralph Lowenstein, Florida
1993 — Ed Bassett, Washington
1992 — Richard Cole, North Carolina
1991 — Walt Bunge, Ohio State
1990 — Jim Carey, Illinois
1989 — Neale Copple, Nebraska-Lincoln (First)The Charles E. Scripps Award for the Journalism & Mass Communication Teacher of the Year
This award is given in collaboration with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC). Full-time faculty member teaching in any of the disciplines of journalism and mass communication who, over the years, has consistently demonstrated an environment of excellence by ongoing contributions to the improvement of student learning.
2022 — Rachel Young, Iowa (Awarded in 2023)
2021 — Nicole Smith Dahmen, University of Oregon (Awarded in 2022)
2020 — Kathleen Culver, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Awarded in 2021)
2019 — Jennifer Thomas, Howard University (Awarded in 2020)
2018 — Jinx Broussard, Louisiana State University (Awarded in 2019)
2017 — Sheri Broyles, University of North Texas (Awarded in 2018)
2016 — Allan Richards, Florida International University
2015 — Carolina Acosta-Alzuru, Georgia
2014 — Carol Schwalbe, Arizona
2013 — Cindy Royal, Texas State San Marcos
2012 — Jennifer George-Paliliois, Ball State
2011 — Douglas Ward, Kansas
2010 — Joe Saltzman, Southern California
2009 — Chris Roush, North Carolina Chapel Hill
2008 — Charles Davis, Missouri
2007 — Elinor Grusin, Memphis
AEJMC First Amendment Award
The AEJMC First Amendment Award recognizes professionals with a strong commitment to freedom of the press, and who practice courageous journalism. Created in 2006, the award is presented by the Professional Freedom & Responsibility Committee. Annual award.
2023 — Margaret Sullivan, Syndicated Columnist
2022 — Steven Waldman, Report for America
2021 — Omar Jimenez, CNN
2020 — Shane Bauer, Mother Jones
2019 — Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine
2018 — Ronan Farrow, Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey, The New York Times
2017 — The Pulitzer Prizes
2016 — Reporters Without Borders
2015 — Floyd Abrams, 1st Amendment Attorney
2014 — Joel Simon, Committee to Protect Journalists
2013 — First Amendment Center, Nashville, TN
2012 — Carole Simpson, Broadcaster
2011 — Michael Kirk, Frontline Filmmaker
2010 — Nat Hentoff, Syndicated Columnist
2009 — Seymour Hersh, The New Yorker
2008 — Clarence Page, Chicago Tribune
2007 — Helen Thomas, UPI, Hearst
2006 — Molly Ivins, Synidcated Columnist (first)
AEJMC Tankard Book Award
The Tankard Book Award was established to honor James W. Tankard, Jr. of Texas at Austin. A former editor of Journalism Monographs, the award recognizes his many contributions to the field of journalism and mass communication education. Award established in 2007.
2023 — Henrik Örnebring and Michael Karlsson, Karlstad University, Sweden, for Journalistic Autonomy: The Genealogy of a Concept
2022 — Celeste González de Bustamante, University of Texas at Austin, and Jeannine E. Relly, University of Arizona, for Surviving Mexico: Resistance and Resilience among Journalists in the Twenty-First Century (University of Texas Press)
2021 — Bearing Witness While Black: African Americans, Smartphones, & the New Protest #Journalism [New York: Oxford University Press, 2020] • Allissa V. Richardson, University of Southern California
2019 — Networked News, Racial Divides: How Power and Privilege Shape Public Discourse in Progressive Communities • Sue Robinson, Wisconsin, Madison
2018 — The News Untold: Community Journalism and the Failure to Confront Poverty in Appalachia • Michael Clay Carey, Samford University
2017 — Democracy’s Detectives: The Economics of Investigative Journalism • James T. Hamilton, Stanford University
2016 — Radical Media Ethics: A Global Approach • Stephen Ward, Wisconsin-Madison
2015 — Making News at The New York Times • Nikki Usher, George Washington University
2014 — Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison • Rodney Benson, New York
2013 — Into the Fray: How NBC’s Washington Documentary Unit Reinvented the Newsby • Tom Mascaro, Bowling Green State
2012 —Radio Utopia: Postwar Audio Documentary in the Public Interest by • Matthew C. Ehrlich, Illinois
2011 —About to Die: How News Images Move the Public by • Barbie Zelizer, Pennsylvania
2010 —Journalism’s Roving Eye: A History of American Foreign Reporting by • John Maxwell Hamilton, Louisiana State
2009 — The Environment and the Press: From Adventure Writing to Advocacy by • Mark R. Neuzil, St. Thomas
2008 —Dark Days in the Newsroom: McCarthyism Aimed at the Press by • Edward M. Alwood, Quinnipiac
2007 — The African-American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom by • Patrick S. Washburn, Ohio (first)
AEJMC-Knudson Latin America Prize
The AEJMC-Knudson Latin America Prize will be given annually to a book or project concerning Latin America or coverage of issues in Latin America. The work must make an original contribution to improve knowledge about Latin America to U.S. students, journalists or the public. This award was endowed by the late Jerry Knudson, an emeritus professor at Temple University.
2023 — Claudia Labarca, Gabriel Sadi and Damion Waymer, for Special Issue: Towards a Latin American Perspective in PR Theory and Practice (Published in the May 2022 issue of Public Relations Inquiry)
2022 — Celeste González de Bustamante, University of Texas at Austin, and Jeannine E. Relly, University of Arizona, for Surviving Mexico: Resistance and Resilience among Journalists in the Twenty-First Century (University of Texas Press)
2019 — News Media Coverage of Environmental Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean • Bruno Takahashi, Juliet Pinto, Manuel Chavez and Mercedes Vigón
2018 — Liberation Technology in El Salvador: Re-appropriating Social Media Among Alternative Media Projects • Summer Harlow, University of Houston
2017 — Media Movements: Civil Society and Media Policy Reform in Latin America • Maria Soledad Segura and Silvio Waisbord
2016 — Reporting the Cuban Revolution • Leonard Ray Teel, emeritus Georgia State
2015 — Deep Down Dark: The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine and the Miracle That Set Them Free • Hector Tobar, University of Oregon
2014 — Crisis of Governance in Maya Guatemala: Indigenous Responses to a Failing State • John P. Hawkins, Brigham Young University, James H. McDonald, Southern Utah University, Walter Randolph Adams, Iowa State University (first)
AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award
The AEJMC Equity & Diversity Award recognizes Journalism and Mass Communication academic programs that are working toward, and have attained measurable success, in increasing equity and diversity within their units. Programs must display progress and innovation in racial, gender, and ethnic equity and diversity over the previous three-year period. Created in 2009. Annual award.
2023 — Department of Journalism and Strategic Media, University of Memphis
2022 — Department of Communications at California State University, Fullerton
2021 — University of Missouri School of Journalism
2020 — S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University
2019 — Reynolds, School of Journalism, University of Nevada, Reno
2018 — Klein College of Media & Communication, Temple University
2017 — Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Arizona State University
2016 — Mayborn School of Journalism, University of North Texas
2015 — College of Communication and Information Sciences, University of Alabama
2014 — Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University
2013 — College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University
2012 — Annenberg School for Journalism, University of Southern California
2011 — School of Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas State University, San Marcos
2010 — School of Communications, Elon University
2009 — Manship School of Mass Communication at Louisiana State University (first)
Dorothy Bowles Award for Outstanding Public Service
The Dorothy Bowles Award for Outstanding Public Service will recognize an AEJMC member who has a sustained and significant public-service record that has helped build bridges between academics and professionals in mass communications either nationally or locally, and, been actively engaged within the association. Created in 2012. Annual award.
2023 — Matt Ragas, DePaul
2022 — Joe Grimm, Michigan State
2021 — Sharon Bramlett-Solomon, Arizona State University
2020 — Bill Cassidy, Northern Illinois
Carol Holstead, Kansas
2019 — Jan Leach, Kent State
2018 — Donald K. Wright, Boston
2017 — Sandra Utt, Memphis
2016 — Rosental Alves, Texas at Austin
2015 — Wat Hopkins, Virginia Tech
2014 — Don W. Stacks, Miami
2013 — Judy VanSlyke Turk, Virginia Commonwealth
2012 — Candace Perkins Bowen, Kent State (first)
Outstanding Contribution to Journalism Education
This award, presented by the Commission on the Status of Women in Journalism Education, recognizes a woman who has represented women well through personal excellence and high standards in journalism and mass communication education. Not an annual award.
2023 — Cory Armstrong, Nebraska-Lincoln
2021 — Amanda Hinnant, Missouri
2020 — Nicole Kraft, Ohio State
2019 — Stacey J.T. Hust, Washington State
2017 — Lucinda Davenport, Michigan State
2016 — Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor
2015 — Julie Andsager, Tennessee
2014 — June Nicholson, Virginia Commonwealth
2013 — Geneva Overholser, Southern California
2012 — Barbara B. Hines, Howard
2011 — Linda Steiner, Maryland
2010 — Diane Borden, San Diego State
2009 — Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, Florida International
2008 — Esther Thorson, Missouri
2006 — Judy VanSlyke Turk, Virginia Commonwealth
2002 — Wilma Crumley, Nebraska-Lincoln
2000 — Douglas Ann Newsom, Texas Christian
1998 — Jennifer H. McGill, AEJMC/ASJMC
1997 — Carol Oukrop, Kansas State
1996 — Carol Reuss, North Carolina
1994 — Maurine H. Beasley, Maryland
1992 — Jean Ward, Minnesota
1991 — MaryAnn Yodelis Smith, Wisconsin
1990 — Ramona Rush, Kentucky
1989 — Mary Gardner, Michigan State
1988— Donna Allen, Women’s Institute for Freedom of the Press, Washington, DC
1983— Cathy Covert, Syracuse
1982— Marion Marzolf, Michigan (first)
Robert Knight Multicultural Recruitment Award
This award is presented annually by the Scholastic Journalism Division to organizations or individuals who have made outstanding efforts in attracting high school minority students into journalism and mass communication. Created in 1987.
2023 — R. J. Morgan, Mississippi
2020 — Ed Madison, Oregon
2019 — Tori Smith, Northern Arizona
2018 — Acel Moore High School Journalism Workshop, The Philadelphia Media Network
2016 — Kimetris Baltrip, Kansas State
2015 — George Daniels, Alabama
2014 — Steve O’Donoghue, California Scholastic Journalism Initiative
2013 — Linda Florence Callahan, North Carolina A&T State
2012 — Illinois Press Foundation and Eastern Illinois University High School Journalism Workshop
2011 — Joseph Selden, Pennsylvania State
2010 — University of Arizona School of Journalism
2009 — Michael Days & Staff,Philadelphia Daily News
2008 — June O. Nicholson, Virginia Commonwealth
2007 — Ed Mullins,Alabama
2006 — NO AWARD GIVEN
2005 — Linda Ximenes,Ximenes & Associates
2004 — Diana Mitsu Klos,American Society of Newspaper Editors
2003 — Vanessa Shelton,Iowa
2002 — Walt Swanston,Radio and Television News Directors Foundation
2001 — Doris Giago,South Dakota State
2000 — Linda Waller, Dow Jones Newspaper Fund
1999 — Marie Parsons, Alabama
1998 — Lucy Ganje, North Dakota
1997 — California Chicano News Media Association, San Diego Chapter
1996 — Barbara Hines, Howard
1995 — Diane Hall, Florida A&M
1994 — Mary Arnold, Iowa
1993 — Alice Bonner, The Freedom Forum
1992 — Richard Lee, South Dakota State
1991 — Thomas Engleman, Dow Jones Newspaper Fund
1990 — Robert Knight, Missouri
1989 — George Curry, The Chicago Tribune, Washington, DC, Bureau
1988— Craig Trygstad, Youth Communication, Inc., Washington, DC
1987— Pittsburgh Black Media Federation (first)
MaryAnn Yodelis Smith Research Award
This award was created in 1991 by the Commission on the Status of Women in honor and memory of MaryAnn Yodelis Smith of Minnesota and Wisconsin, 1989-90 AEJMC president.
2023 — Sahar Khamis, Maryland, College Park
2021 — Lisa D. Lenoir, Missouri
2020 — Jennifer Huemmer, Ithaca
Lauren Britton, Ithaca
2019 — Karin Assmann, University of Maryland and Stine Eckert, Wayne State
2017 – Chelsea Reynolds, California State-Fullerton
2016 — Tania Rosas-Moreno, Loyola-Maryland
2015 — Dustin Harp, Texas at Arlington
2014 — Stacey J.T. Hust and Kathleen Boyce Rodgers, Washington State
2013 — Cory Armstrong, Florida
2012 — Shayla Thiel-Stern, Minnesota
2011 — Marilyn Greenwald, Ohio
2010 — Sheila Webb, Western Washington
2009 — Elizabeth Skewes, Colorado
2008 — Margaretha Geertsema, Butler
2007 — Barbara Barnett, Kansas
2006 — Marie Hardin, Pennsylvania State
2005 — Jan Whitt, Colorado
2004 — Radhika Parameswaran, Indiana
Kavitha Cardoza, Illinois at Springfield
2003 — Susan Henry, California State-Northridge
2000 — E-K Daufin, Alabama State
1999 — Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Florida A&M
1998 — Sue A. Lafky, Iowa
1997 — Kathleen Endres, Akron
1996 — Linda Steiner, Rutgers
1995 — Carolyn Stewart Dyer, Iowa (first)
Lionel C. Barrow Jr. Award for Distinguished Achievement in Diversity Research and Education
Created in 2009, the award recognizes outstanding individual accomplishment and leadership in diversity efforts within the Journalism and Mass Communication discipline. Created by the AEJMC Minorities & Communication Division and the Commission on the Status of Minorities, the award honors Barrow’s lasting impact, and recognizes others who are making their mark in diversifying JMC education.
2023 — Bey-Ling Sha, California State Fullerton
2022 — Sharon Bramlett-Solomon, Arizona State University
2021 — Earnest Perry, University of Missouri
2020 — Meta Carstarphen, Oklahoma
2019 — Rochelle Ford, Elon
2018 — Mia Moody-Ramirez, Baylor
2017 — Loren Ghiglione, Northwestern
2016 — Joel Beeson, West Virginia
2015 — Alice Tait, Central Michigan
2014 — Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Marketing and Media Consultant
2013 — Clint C. Wilson II, Howard
2012 — Federico Subervi, Texas State San Marcos
2011 — Félix Gutiérrez, Southern California
2010 — Robert M. Ruggles, Florida A&M
2009 — Paula M. Poindexter, Texas at Austin (first)
Lee Barrow Doctoral Minority Student Scholarship
Sponsored by the Communication Theory and Methodology Division, the scholarship is named for Dr. Lionel C. Barrow, Jr., of Howard University in recognition of his pioneering efforts in support of minority education in journalism and mass communication. The scholarship assists a minority student enrolled in a doctoral program in journalism or mass communication.
2023 — Joshua D. Cloudy, Texas Tech
2022 — Kristina Medero, Ohio State
2021 — Krishna Madhavi P. Reddi, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
2018 — Qun Wang, Rutgers
2017 — Osita Iroegbu, Virginia Commonwealth
2016 — Adrienne Muldrow, Washington State
2015 — Diane Francis, North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2014 — Jenny Korn, Harvard
2013 — Dominique Harrison, Howard
2012 — Rowena Briones, Maryland
2011 — Adrienne Chung, Ohio State
2010 — Eulalia Puig Abril,Wisconsin-Madison
2009 — Emily Elizabeth Acosta,Wisconsin-Madison
2008 — Troy Elias,Ohio State
2007 — Yusur Kalynago, Jr.,Missouri
2006 — Omotayo Banjo, Pennsylvania State
2005 — Jeanetta Simms,Central Oklahoma
2004 — Susan Chang,Michigan State
2003 — T. Kenn Gaither,North Carolina
2002 — Mia Moody-Hall,Texas at Austin
2001 — George Daniels,Georgia
2000 — Maria E. Len-Rios,Missouri
1999 — Meredith Lee Ballmer,Washington
1998 — Osei Appiah
1997 — Alice Chan Plummer, Michigan State
1996 — Dwayne Proctor,Connecticut
1995 — Dhavan Shah, Minnesota
1994 — Qingnen Dong, Washington State
1993 — Shalini Venturelli, Colorado
1991 — Diana Rios, Texas at Austin
1990 — Jose Lozano
1989 — Jane Rhodes, North Carolina
1987 — James Sumner Lee, North Carolina
1985 — Barbara McBain Brown, Stanford
1983 — Dianne L. Cherry, North Carolina
1982 — Tony Atwater, Michigan State
1981 — Sharon Bramlett, Indiana
1980 — Federico Subervi, Wisconsin-Madison
1979 — Gillian Grannum, North Carolina
1978 — Paula Poindexter, Syracuse
1977 — John J. Johnson, Ohio
1975 — Norman W. Spaulding, Illinois
1974 — Rita Fujiki, Washington
1973 — William E. Berry, Illinois
Clay Perry, Indiana
Sherrie Lee Mazingo, Michigan State
1972 — Richard Allen, Wisconsin-Madison (first)
AEJMC Presidential Leadership Excellence Award
2023 — Felicia Greenlee Brown, Assistant Director
2016 — Jennifer H. McGill, Executive Director (Retired)
2016 — Lillian Coleman, Project Director
2016 — Pamella Price, Membership Coordinator (Retired)
2015 — Richard Burke, Business Manager (Retired)
2015 — Fred Williams, Conference Manager (Retired)AEJMC Presidential Stellar Service Award
2023 — Cassidy Baird, Conference & Events Coordinator
2023 — Kyshia Brown, Website Content/Graphic Designer
2023 — Amanda Caldwell, Executive Director
2023 — Lillian Coleman, Project Director
2023 — Felicia Greenlee Brown, Assistant Director
2023 — Samantha Higgins, Communications Director
2023 — Saviela Thorne, Membership Coordinator
History 2014 Abstracts
Prejudice and the Press Critics: Colonel McCormick’s Assault on the Hutchins Commission • Stephen Bates, University of Nevada, Las Vegas • When the Commission on Freedom of the Press published A Free and Responsible Press in 1947, Chicago Tribune publisher Robert R. McCormick detected a conspiracy to destroy the First Amendment. He underwrote Prejudice and the Press, a 642-page attack on the Commission. The story casts new light on the Commission on Freedom of the Press, Colonel McCormick, the antipathy between newspaper publishers and President Roosevelt, and the evolution of First Amendment doctrine.
Sports, scribes and rhymes: Poetry in black newspapers, 1920-1950 • Brian Carroll, Berry College • This paper seeks to recover poetry written and published by black press sportswriters of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, the period during which these writers crusaded for desegregation and equal opportunity for black athletes in professional baseball and a period coincident with the Harlem Renaissance. Though much attention has been paid poetry appearing in mainstream newspapers by the likes of Grantland Rice and Heywood Broun, virtually ignored is verse written by black press writers, who continued with the form long after it was dropped by the mainstream press. Read today, verse such as Wendell Smith’s well-known snatch about Jackie Robinson’s seat-filling first season in Brooklyn (“Jackie’s nimble, Jackie’s quick, Jackie’s making the turnstiles click”) can be seen as an important source for and contributor to later art forms such as rap and hip hop. In addition, the poetry of black sportswriters has not previously been researched, a silence or omission that highlights how under-appreciated by history these writers have been. Writers in this recovery include Fay Young and Edward A. Neal of the Chicago Defender; from the Pittsburgh Courier, Wendell Smith and Russ J. Cowans; and from the New Amsterdam News, Dan Burley and Romeo Dougherty.
Tracking the Blizzard: Justifying Propaganda Leaflet Psyop during the Korean War • Ross Collins, North Dakota State University; Andrew Pritchard, North Dakota State University • During the Korean War the United States built a propaganda operation in an effort to counteract Communist ideology. This required the military to mount a leaflet campaign in Korea. But skeptics demanded evidence that the propaganda was effective; psyop staff responded by gathering documentation. Leaflet campaigns seemed to have had limited effect, however. Authors conclude that psyop staff found it challenging to design leaflets faced with an unclear mission, anti-Asian bias, and weaknesses in measurements.
Cat Tales in the New York Times • Matthew Ehrlich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Cat stories seem to be everywhere in contemporary media, but they are not a new phenomenon, not even in the staid New York Times. This paper qualitatively analyzes the Times’s cat tales from the nineteenth century to the present. The stories have helped the newspaper adjust to changing journalistic fashions and market itself to a changing readership. They also have displayed running themes depicting cats as heroes, villains, victims, women’s best friends, and urban symbols.
The Paternalistic Eye: Edwin Johnson and the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, 1949-1952 • Jim Foust • This paper examines Edwin Johnson’s tenure as chair of the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. Using archival material, contemporary press accounts and government documents, it seeks to show how the senator used the power and prestige of his position to influence the broadcast industry and the FCC. Specifically, this paper examines Johnson’s efforts to fight monopoly control, to speed the lifting of the television “freeze,” and to encourage broadcasters to provide informative, family-friendly programming.
Hoyt W. Fuller, Cultural Nationalism, and Black World Magazine, 1970-1973 • Nathaniel Frederick II, Winthrop University • This research is a historical account of Hoyt Fuller’s role as Editor-in-Chief of Black World magazine. Fuller shaped the content of Black World and used the magazine as a platform to promote the Black Arts Movement and African culture. Hampering his efforts were consistent conflicts with the publisher of the magazine, John H. Johnson over economic support. This study entails a textual analysis of Black World and examines its content over a three-year period.
Josiah Gregg’s Vision of New Mexico: Early Othering about Mexicans in Commerce of the Prairies • Michael Fuhlhage, Wayne State University • Josiah Gregg wrote one of the earliest long-form journalistic descriptions of Mexican people and culture in the nineteenth century. Commerce of the Prairies (1844) remains a classic work of exploration at the boundary of American and Mexican culture. This paper uses social identity theory and framing to assess how Gregg portrayed Mexicans and the interaction between the cultural influences that surrounded him and his way of seeing the people of New Mexico. Gregg’s Quaker faith shaped his highly critical view of Mexican Catholicism, which he believed relied too much on sacramental objects and rituals, and its priesthood, which he saw as con men and not as people whose mission was to bring believers closer to God. He found Mexicans’ lack of material progress to be evidence of backwardness. However, Gregg did not share other Americans’ belief that Mexicans were cowardly soldiers.
Listening to pictures: Converging media histories and the multimedia newspaper • Katie Day Good, Northwestern University • In light of recent research on digital newspapers as sites of media “convergence,” this paper revisits the 1920s as a period of forgotten media mixing in newspapers. Comparing a short-lived audiovisual form of journalism—the Radio Photologues of the Chicago Daily News—with contemporary audio slideshows, it argues that newspapers have long been meeting grounds for experimental combinations of old and new media, offering a historical backdrop to contemporary discussions of “convergence” in digital journalism.
The Journalist and the Gangster: A Devil’s Bargain, Chicago Style • Julien Gorbach, University of Louisiana at Lafayette • Ben Hecht grew to personify the mix of cynicism, sentimentality and mischief of the Chicago newspaper reporter, an historical type that he immortalized in his stage comedy, The Front Page. This study argues that the temptation of the Mephistophelean bargain, the proposition that rules are made to be broken, explains both Hecht’s Romanticist style, emblematic of Chicago journalism, and a fascination with criminals and gangsters that he shared with his fellow newspapermen.
The Many Lives of the USP: A History of Advertising’s Famous and Infamous Unique Selling Proposition • Daniel Haygood, Elon University • The Unique Selling Proposition has been one of the most successful but polarizing advertising philosophies in the history of the advertising profession. Created by Rosser Reeves at the Ted Bates agency, the USP focused on generating a unique product characteristic or benefit that consumers would find compelling. USP-based advertising generated sales gains for clients but criticism from agency professionals and consumers for its repetitive claims and support points. This research looks at the volatile story of the USP, including is creation and uneven use and promotion by the Bates agency and tries to identify reasons why this philosophy has endured.
Why the Internet Cannot Save Journalism: A Historical Analysis of the Crisis of Credibility & the Development of the Internet • Kristen Heflin, Kennesaw State University • This paper historicizes journalism’s present crisis of credibility and explores how the Internet, as the most compelling solution to this crisis, developed to meet very different needs than those of mainstream journalism organizations. The paper concludes by asserting that the Internet cannot be heralded as the solution to the crisis of credibility, largely because the crisis is not a technical one of information delivery, but an epistemological conflict at the heart of journalism practice.
The Past as Persuader in The Great Speckled Bird • Janice Hume, University of Georgia • This study examines journalistic uses of history in the underground newspaper The Great Speckled Bird during its first five years, 1968 to 1972, based on Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest K. May’s categories of the uses of history by political decision makers. The Bird used history for context, nostalgia and analogy, to promote values, and to challenge past assumptions, all to bolster a point of view for its readers, the hippie community in Atlanta, Ga.
“Magnetic Current” in the New York Times • Vincent Kiernan, Georgetown University • This paper examines the concerted efforts by William L. Laurence, science writer at The New York Times, to publicize the research of maverick Austrian physicist Felix Ehrenhaft in 1944-45. Laurence wrote multiple sensational articles to counter mainstream physicists’ dismissal of the research, triggering pack news coverage of the researcher, while mainstream scientists criticized the newspaper and blocked grants for Ehrenhaft. The escapade illustrates tensions among journalists, unconventional scientists, and the scientific establishment that persist today.
Collective memory of Japanese colonial rule • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina • This study explores how the South Korean television drama “Eye of Daybreak” helped to shape collective memory of Japanese colonial rule. The drama highlighted the experiences of “comfort women,” Korean women forced to provide sex to Japanese soldiers. This study examined how newspapers reported the “comfort women” issue. This study argues that the drama generated greater public awareness of, discussion about, and controversy over the place of “comfort women” in South Korean historical narratives.
Senator Joe McCarthy and the Politics of the 1960s • Julie Lane, Boise State University • This study examines four books about Senator Joseph McCarthy published during the 1950s to determine why one of the four – Senator Joe McCarthy by New Yorker Washington correspondent Richard Rovere – prompted the most vociferous reaction. It concludes that the book’s appearance at a critical juncture in the developing ideological divide meant it served as a bridge from the McCarthy era to the new conservatism that shaped national politics in the 1960s.
Promulgating the Kingdom: Social Gospel Muckrakers Josiah Strong and Hugh Price Hughes • Christina Littlefield, Pepperdine University • This paper addresses a major gap in journalism history by showcasing how social gospel leaders used the power of the pen to promote social reform. Many social gospel leaders in England and the United States edited newspapers to educate the masses on key social issues in hopes of ushering in the kingdom of God. This paper compares the muckraking efforts of two evangelical leaders: British Methodist Hugh Price Hughes and American Congregationalist Josiah Strong.
SOCIALIST MUCKRAKER JOHN KENNETH TURNER: A Journalist/Activist’s Career a Century Ago • Linda Lumsden, U of Arizona • Socialist muckraker John Kenneth Turner not only went undercover to expose oppression of Mexican peasants a century ago but also ran guns for Mexican rebels who invaded Baja California in 1911. This paper argues that questions raised by Turner’s nearly forgotten career are relevant to those posed by today’s digital activism. The paper analyzes several aspects of Turner’s career: as an investigative journalist who covered the 1910s’ labor movement for the popular Socialist weekly Appeal to Reason; as author of the controversial 1909 “Barbarous Mexico” exposé; as an abettor of Mexican revolutionaries in the United States; and as an advocate against U.S. intervention in Mexico throughout the 1920s. The subject is important because advocacy journalism such as Turner practiced—fact-based reportage in support of a cause—is a genre that has expanded along with digital media, citizen journalism, and online social movement media. Activism figures prominently in the current debate on the definition of a journalist. An analysis of Turner’s career may illuminate larger questions about today’s evolving forms of journalism. Further, an examination of Turner’s career in the Southwest borderlands sheds light on the history of American journalism in that region, which remains tumultuous and contested journalistic terrain. His criticisms of the mainstream press remain relevant in light of current debates on the elusive ideal of “objectivity” in journalism. Finally, Turner should be recognized for his contributions to journalism history and his role in U.S.-Mexican relations.
The “eloquent Dr. King”: How E. O. Jackson and the Birmingham World Covered Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Kimberley Mangun, The University of Utah • This qualitative study analyzes how Emory O. Jackson, editor of the Birmingham (AL) World, covered the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.’s rise to fame, and the ramifications of court rulings on bus segregation. More than one hundred fifty articles, editorials, and columns published in the biweekly newspaper between December 1, 1955, and December 21, 1956, the duration of the boycott, were studied using historical methods and narrative analysis.
Press Freedom in the Enemy’s Language: Government Control of Japanese-Language Newspapers in Japanese American Camps during World War II • Takeya Mizuno, Toyo University • This article examines how the federal government controlled the Japanese-language newspapers in Japanese American “relocation centers” during World War II. Camp officials were facing a dilemma; while they knew Japanese news media would promote effective information dissemination, no one understood the language. As a result, they limited Japanese items to verbatim translations of official English releases. Press freedom inside barbed wire fences was conditional at best; it was even more so in the enemy’s language.
Summer for the Scientists? The Scopes Trial and the Pedagogy of Journalism • Perry Parks, Michigan State University • A main goal of supporters of John T. Scopes during his 1925 trial for teaching evolution in Tennessee was to educate the public on evolution science. This paper argues that, though journalists, lawyers, and scholars expected newspaper coverage to make Americans smarter about evolution, little effort was devoted to that aim. Rather, a preference for conflict and an emerging professional objectivity resulted in more confusion than clarity, just as news coverage of evolution does today.
The Strange History of the Fairness Doctrine: An Inquiry into Shifting Policy Discourses and Unsettled Normative Foundations • Victor Pickard, University of Pennsylvania • The Fairness Doctrine, one of the most famous and controversial media policies ever debated, suffered a final death-blow in August 2011 when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) permanently struck it from the books. The doctrine continues to be invoked by proponents and detractors alike, suggesting that the policy will live on long past its official death at the hands of liberal policymakers who had hoped to quietly remove it from the nation’s political discourse. The following paper attempts to demystify the Fairness Doctrine by historically contextualizing it while also drawing attention to how it continues to be deployed. Tracing how ideologies and discourses around the Fairness Doctrine have shifted over time serves as an important case study for how political conflict shapes the normative foundations of core media policies. The paper concludes with a discussion of positive freedoms as fundamental principles for American media policy.
Southern Values and the 1844 Election in the South Carolina Press • Erika Pribanic-Smith, University of Texas at Arlington • This exploration South Carolina newspapers in the 1844 presidential election demonstrates that most editors assumed a sectional tone when discussing campaign politics. Furthermore, it shows that newspapers actively supported presidential candidates even though the state’s electorate did not vote for president. Finally, this paper argues that the tariff was the primary campaign issue for South Carolinians, contrary to prior historians’ assertions that Polk won the South based on his support for the annexation of Texas.
The Sabbath and the ‘Social Demon’: Sunday Newspapers as Vehicles of Modernity • Ronald Rodgers, University of Florida • This paper looks at the decades-long conflict between the traditions of religion and the modern juggernaut that was the Sunday newspaper. Within that discursive elaboration leading to the general acceptance of the Sunday newspaper as a vehicle of modernity were issues surrounding the tension between the secular and the sacred as an armature of the societal struggle between the forces of modernity and those opposed to the destabilizing of traditions.
Rhetorical Repertoires of Puerto Rican Anarchist Journalist Luisa Capetillo in the Early 20th Century • Ilia Rodriguez, University of New Mexico; Eleuterio Santiago-Diaz, University of New Mexico • This research focuses on the writings of Puerto Rican feminist and anarchist writer Luisa Capetillo (1873-1922), a journalist for the Spanish-language labor and community newspapers in Puerto Rico and the United States. Capetillo’s texts were selected as a site to explore the structural factors and political climate that shaped the production of anarchist discourse in the United States in the early 20th century. Through a discourse analysis of texts published in 1913 and 1916, the research aims to elucidate thematic structures and particular forms of argumentation through which anarchists editors and writers constructed their contestatory views of the nascent U.S. industrial society. Capetillo’s writing was selected as a rich site in which to examine the discursive practices through which a non-U.S. citizen radical, facing censorship and persecution in the early 1900s, used her writing to contest some of the dominant assumptions about the exceptional character of the U.S. polity.
Newspaper Editorials on Marijuana Prohibition During the Early War On Drugs, 1965-1980 • Stephen Siff, Miami University of Ohio • This study examines editorials regarding marijuana law and enforcement in four major U.S. newspapers between 1965 and 1980, a period during which both marijuana use and arrests increased dramatically, and during which time the federal government overhauled both anti-marijuana laws and the approach to combatting drug use more generally. During this time, the New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune and Los Angeles Times published a combined 126 editorials dealing with marijuana, approximately one-third of which called for reduction in criminal penalties for possession of the drug. The calls to reduce penalties for marijuana possession were nearly always explained in strictly pragmatic terms, without addressing the underlying moral or health justifications for the legal prohibition of the drug. Differences in editorial stances between the newspapers are also discussed.
The Journalist Who Knew Too Much: John W. White’s Tumultuous Tenure as The New York Times Chief South American Correspondent • Kevin Stoker, Texas Tech University; Mehrnaz Rahimi, Texas Tech University • Few foreign correspondents understood the cultural differences between the United States and Latin America better than John W. White. A former U.S. diplomat to Argentina, White spent more than 15 years living in the country before joining The New York Times. But White was still an American journalist, practicing American journalism and looking out for American interests in Latin America. Though adept at circumventing government censorship, but he could not circumvent controversy. He had a knack for scoops that discomforted South American political leaders, the State Department, and his own publisher. For ten years, his publisher Arthur Sulzberger scolded White and assured him of his confidence in him. But finally Sulzberger betrayed him, telling the State Department to call him home.
Wine, Women, and Film: Drinking Femininity in Post-Prohibition American Cinema • Annie Sugar, University of Colorado-Boulder • This textual analysis of female drinking portrayals in four films, Depression-era comedic romps The Thin Man (1934) and The Women (1939) and two World War II tales of duty, dignity, and identity Now, Voyager (1942) and Since You Went Away (1944), demonstrates how post-Prohibition American culture established a drinking femininity for white, affluent American women and how the dominant discourse manipulated that femininity for two generations to suit the nation’s social, political, and economic needs.
A Rainbow of Hope – The Black Press’s Engagement with Entertainment Culture, 1895-1935 • Carrie Teresa, Temple University • Black press journalists writing in the Jim Crow era viewed entertainment culture as an important component in the lived experience of their readers. Through a narrative analysis of entertainment coverage during the period 1895 through 1935, this paper shows how black journalists framed entertainment culture as a tool in the fight for civil liberties, arguing that the black press used discussions about entertainment to help community members define their own roles as free citizens.
The Untold Story of An American Journalism Trailblazer: Carr V. Van Anda’s Methods as Contemporary Guidance • Wafa Unus, ASU • While study and discussion of American journalism is abound with accounts of The New York Times, the emergence of this newspaper as an American institution never has been fully told. Little is known of Carr V. Van Anda, who from a career as a typesetter in Cleveland rose to become The Times pre-eminent managing editor. He served in the post from 1904 to 1932, the newspaper’s formative and most celebrated period. Since his retirement in 1932 and his passing in 1945, Van Anda has been relegated in the literature mostly to footnotes and index entries. Yet even from brief references, it has remained that Van Anda’s contribution was substantial. Of particular interest to contemporary scholars was Van Anda’s role as a harbinger of modern times. Van Anda worked in an era not dissimilar to contemporary times, and an understanding of his methods may serve as guidance for modern journalism. Through study of his reportage, and employing additional original sourcework of his life and career, this study provides the first historical account of Van Anda and his work at The New York Times. That Van Anda’s past contributions are of much contemporary relevance will be seen in the study’s analysis of his coverage of science and technology, as well as his use of technology in reporting. In discussing Van Anda’s contributions, the study concludes with suggestions on how understanding of this input, journalism can further be advanced.
Evolve or Die: Early Industrial Catalysts that Transformed Frontier Journalism • David Vergobbi, University of Utah • This study delineates journalism on Idaho’s Coeur d’Alene mining district frontier in 1893 and 1894—after a violent 1892 union versus owner war and subsequent martial law—as ten newspapers dealt with a national economic depression and renewed labor/management tensions. The study provides 1) a key to understanding the complex evolution of Western journalism from pioneering sheets to commercial press and 2) a conceptual framework to ascertain if similar developments existed on other early industrial frontiers.
Legitimizing news judgments: The early historical construction of journalism’s gatekeeping role • Tim Vos, University of Missouri; Teri Finneman, University of Missouri • This study analyzes journalistic discourse about news judgment, news selection and newsworthiness in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The intent is to understand how the notions of newsworthiness, news selection or news judgment came to be expressed in normative terms in the journalistic field. The study finds discursive strategies that explained news judgment in terms of a special skill that journalists possessed, that downplayed judgment while shifting focus to the external qualities of events, and that explained news judgment in terms of the social and economic value of the information provided.
Newspaper Food Journalism: The History of Food Sections & The Story of Food Editors • Kimberly Voss, University of Central Florida • This paper documents the early years of newspaper food sections from the 1950s and 1960s. This paper also examines what the food editors covered at their annual weeklong meetings where food companies introduced new food products and food news was presented. Approximately 125 women attended these meetings and reported from them daily. A selection of newspapers was used in this study including the Boston Globe, Milwaukee Journal, Miami News, Chicago Tribune, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, and Omaha Evening World-Herald.
The “Sound of an ‘Extra’”: Representing Civil War Newsboys by Pen and in Print • Ronald Zboray, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Zboray, University of Pittsburgh • This paper examines the American Civil War-era newsboy, generally overlooked by historians, through comments ordinary citizens penned and the stories newspapers printed about him (or her). It reconstructs his business and leisure activities, analyzes the responses of urban dwellers to the newsboy’s cry, and compares these to newspaper portrayals of newsboys. It is based upon extensive research into over 5,000 Civil War manuscript and published diaries and letters, as well as newspaper databases.
Book Reviews Index W, 71-80
J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003
WAGNLEITNER, REINHOLD and ELAINE TYLER MAY, eds., “Here, There and Everywhere”: The Foreign Politics of American Popular Culture (Anne Cooper-Chen) 79:1, 231.
WAHL, OTTO F., Media Madness: Public Images of Mental Illness (William Evans) 73:2, 492.
WAISBORD, SILVIO, Watchdog Journalism in South America: News, Accountability, and Democracy (Rosental C. Alves) 77:3, 697.
WALDEN, RUTH, Insult Laws: An Insult to Press Freedom (Kyu Ho Youm) 79:1, 235.
WALKER, JAMES R. and ROBERT V. BELLAMY, JR., eds., The Remote Control in the New Age of Television (Mickie Edwardson) 71:2, 472.
WALLRAFF, BARBARA, Word Court: Wherein Verbal Virtue Is Rewarded, Crimes Against the Language are Punished, and Poetic Justice is Done (Michael B. Salwen) 77:4, 936.
WALSH, KENNETH T., Feeding the Beast: The White House Versus the Press (Stephen G. Bloom) 74:3, 647.
WANG, JIANG, Foreign Advertising in China: Become Global, Becoming Local (Hairong Li) 77:4, 925.
WANTA, WAYNE, The Public and the National Agenda (Guido H. Stempel III) 74:4, 902.
WARD, BRIAN, ed., Media, Culture, and the Modern African American Freedom Struggle (Kenneth Campbell) 79:3, 778.
WARK, MCKENZIE, Virtual Geography – Living With Global Media Events (Sherri Ward Massey) 72:3, 755.
WARREN, KENNETH F., In Defense of Public Opinion Polling (Katherine A. Bradshaw) 79:3, 772.
WASBURN, PHILO C., The Social Construction of International News: We’re Talking About Them, They’re Talking About Us (Melinda Robins) 80:4, 998.
WASKO, JANET, VINCENT MOSCO, and MANJUNATH PENDAKUR, eds., Illuminating the Blindspots (Thomas L. McPhail) 71:4, 1002.
WASKO, JANET, Understanding Disney (Douglass K. Daniel) 79:4, 1026.
WEAVER, DAVID H. and G. CLEVELAND WILHOIT, The American Journalist in the 1990s: U.S. News People at the End of an Era (Sherrie Mazingo) 74:1, 200.
WEBSTER, JAMES G. and PATRICIA F. PHALEN, The Mass Audience: Rediscovering the Dominant Model (Leonard Tipton) 74:4, 898.
WEILL, SUSAN, In a Madhouse’s Din: Civil Rights Coverage by Mississippi’s Daily Press, 1948-1968 (Earnest L. Perry Jr.) 79:3, 771.
WEIMANN, GABRIEL, and CONRAD WINN, The Theatre of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism (Bruce J. Evensen) 71:3, 755.
WEINER, RICHARD, Webster’s New World Dictionary of Media and Communications (Steven H. Chaffee) 74:3, 657.
WEST, BERNADETTE, PETER M. SANDMAN, and MICHAEL R. GREENBERG, eds., The Reporter’s Environmental Handbook (T. Michael Maher) 73:1, 269.
WEST, DARRELL M., The Rise and Fall of the Media Establishment (Donald L. Shaw) 78:4, 871.
WESTON, MARY ANN, Native Americans in the News: Images of Indians in the Twentieth Century Press (Lucy Ganje) 73:3, 761.
WESTON, TIMOTHY B. and LIONEL M. JENSEN, eds., China Beyond the Headlines (Tsan-Kuo Chang) 79:1, 213.
WETHERELL, MARGARET, STEPHANIE TAYLOR, and SIMEON J. YATES, eds., Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader (Patricia A. Curtin) 79:3, 764.
WETHERALL, MARGARET, STEPHANIE TAYLOR, and SIMEON J. YATES, eds., Discourse as Data: A Guide for Analysis (Patricia A. Curtin) 79:3, 764.
WHEELER, THOMAS H., Phototruth or Photofiction? Ethics and Media Imagery in the Digital Age (David D. Perlmutter) 80:3, 756.
WHILLOCK, RITA KIRK and DAVID SLAYDEN, eds., Hate Speech (Robert E. Humphrey) 73:2, 488.
WICKENDEN, DOROTHY, ed., The New Republic Reader: Eighty Years of Opinion & Debate (Ernest C. Hynds) 72:2, 477.
WICKER, TOM, On The Record (W. Wat Hopkins) 79:1, 245.
WILKINS, KARIN GWINN, ed., Redeveloping Communication for Social Change, Theory, Practice and Power (Osabuohien P. Amienyi) 78:2, 402.
WILLIAMS, EESHA, Grassroots Journalism (Dane S. Claussen) 78:1, 199.
WILLIAMS, GILBERT A., Legendary Pioneers of Black Radio (John L. Hanson Jr.) 76:1, 176.
WILLIAMS, JULIE HEDGEPETH, The Significance of the Printed Word in Early America: Colonists’ Thoughts on the Role of the Press (Edd Applegate) 76:4, 787.
WILLIS, JIM with ALBERT ADELOWO OKUNADE, Reporting on Risks: The Practice and Ethics of Health and Safety Communication (Robert L. Heath) 75:1, 222.
WILSON, CLINT C., II and FELIX GUTIERREZ, Race, Multiculturalism, and the Media: From Mass to Class Communication (George Sylvie) 73:4, 1013.
WINCH, SAMUEL P., Mapping the Cultural Space of Journalism: How Journalists Distinguish News from Entertainment (Randall S. Sumpter) 74:4, 897.
WINFIELD, BETTY HOUCHIN, FDR and the News Media (Rodney Carlisle) 71:3, 739.
WITCHER, RUSS, After Watergate: Nixon and the Newsweeklies (Barbara Straus Reed) 78:2, 387.
WOOD, ANDREW F. and MATTHEW J. SMITH, Online Communication: Linking Technology, Identity, & Culture (John [Jack] I. Powers) 78:3, 616.
WOOD, ANDREW F. and MATTHEW J. SMITH, Online Communication: Linking Technology, Identity, & Culture (Nora Paul) 80:2, 471.
WOODHULL, NANCY J. and ROBERT W. SNYDER, eds., Media Mergers (David Demers) 75:4, 849.
WOODHULL, NANCY J. and ROBERT W. SNYDER, eds., Defining Moments in Journalism (George Estrada) 76:2, 390.
WORLD BANK INSTITUTE, ed., The Right to Tell: The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development (Sheila Tefft) 80:3, 762.
WRIGHT, BRADFORD W., Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America (Amy Kiste Nyberg) 79:1, 217.
WRIGHT, R. GEORGE, Selling Words – Free Speech in a Commercial Culture (John H. Murphy II) 75:3, 674.
Book Reviews Index M, N, 71-80
J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003
M
MACDONALD, J. FRED, Blacks and White TV: African Americans in Television Since 1948, 2d ed., (Stuart H. Surlin) 71:1, 259.
MALLIN, JAY, SR., Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba’s Communist Dictator (Michael B. Salwen) 72:1, 236.
MALONE, MICHAEL S., The Microprocessor: A Biography (Paula M. Poindexter) 73:2, 494.
MANHEIM, JAROL B., The Death of a Thousand Cuts: Corporate Campaigns and the Attack on the Corporation (Rebekah V. Bromley) 79:2, 478.
MANN, PATRICIA S., Micro-Politics: Agency in a Postfeminist Era (Lianne Fridriksson) 71:4, 1006.
MANNING, PAUL, News and News Sources: A Critical Introduction (Kim Landon) 79:2, 502.
MANOVICH, LEV, The Language of New Media (Kathleen K. Olson) 79:2, 494.
MAREK, JAYNE E., Women Editing Modernism: “Little” Magazines & Literary History (Carolyn Kitch) 73:3, 773.
MARLANE, JUDITH, Women in Television News Revisited (Angela Powers) 76:4, 792.
MARTIN, ROBERT W. T., The Free and Open Press: The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty, 1640-1800 (David A. Copeland) 79:3, 766.
MARTIN, SHANNON A. and KATHLEEN A. HANSEN, Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link (Hugh S. Fullerton) 75:4, 850.
MARTIN, SHANNON E., Bits, Bytes, and Big Brother: Federal Information Control in the Technological Age (William J. Leonhirth) 73:1, 245.
MATSUDA, MARI J., CHARLES R. LAWRENCE III, RICHARD DELGADO, and KIMBERLE WILLIAMS CRENSHAW, Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment (Jeremy Cohen) 71:2, 483.
MATTELART, ARMAND, Mapping World Communication: War, Progress, Culture (David B. Sachsman) 72:2, 474.
MAXWELL, BILL, Maximum Insight (Jean Chance) 79:1, 244.
MAXWELL, BRUCE, Washington Online: How to Access the Government’s Electronic Bulletin Boards (Steven J. Dick) 72:2, 485.
MAYNARD, ROBERT C. with DORI J. MAYNARD, Letters to My Children (George Estrada) 73:2, 489.
MCALLISTER, MATTHEW P., EDWARD H. SEWELL, JR., and IAN GORDON, eds., Comics & Ideology (Lucy Shelton Caswell) 79:1, 218.
MCCARTHY, ANNA, Ambient Television: Visual Culture and Public Space (W. Richard Whitaker) 79:2, 468.
MCCAULEY, MICHAEL P., ERIC E. PETERSON, B. LEE ARTZ, and DEEDEE HALLECK, eds., Public Broadcasting and the Public Interest (Louise Benjamin) 80:4, 995.
MCCHESNEY, ROBERT W., Telecommunications, Mass Media, & Democracy (Beth Haller) 73:1, 272.
MCCHESNEY, ROBERT W., Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times (Joseph P. Bernt) 77:1, 205.
MCCOMBS, MAXWELL, DONALD L. SHAW, and DAVID WEAVER, eds., Communication and Democracy: Exploring the Intellectual Frontiers in Agenda-Setting Theory (Everett M. Rogers) 74:4, 892.
MCCOMBS, MAXWELL and AMY REYNOLDS, eds., The Poll With a Human Face: The National Issues Convention Experiment in Political Communication (Robert O. Wyatt) 77:2, 435.
MCCORD, RICHARD, The Chain Gang, One Newspaper versus the Gannett Empire (Benjamin Burns) 79:3, 754.
MCDANIEL, DREW, Electronic Tigers of Southeast Asia: The Politics of Media, Technology, and National Development (Robyn S. Goodman) 79:2, 481.
MCDONOUGH, JOHN and KAREN EGOLF, eds., The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising (Tom Bowers) 80:2, 449.
MCDOUGAL, DENNIS, Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty (Bryce Nelson) 79:1, 250.
MCELREATH, MARK P., Managing Systematic and Ethical Public Relations (R. Brooks Garner) 71:2, 468.
MCGOWAN, WILLIAM, Coloring the News, How Crusading for Diversity Has Corrupted American Journalism (Benjamin J. Burns) 79:1, 216.
MCGUIRE, MARY, LINDA STILBORNE, MELINDA MCADAMS, and LAUREL HYATT, The Internet Handbook for Writers, Researchers, and Journalists (Robert Huesca) 75:4, 846.
MCINTYRE, BRYCE T., ed., Mass Media in the Asian Pacific (Tsan-Kuo Chang) 75:3, 668.
MCKERCHER, CATHERINE, Newsworkers United: Labor, Convergence, and North American Newspapers (Bonnie Brennen) 80:1, 218.
MCLAUGHLIN, GREG, The War Correspondent (Patrick S. Washburn) 80:1, 231.
MCLUHAN-ORTVED, STEPHANIE (producer) and TOM WOLFE (writer/narrator), The Video McLuhan (Vols. 1-6) (James Carey) 74:2, 449.
MCMANUS, JOHN H., Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (George Sylvie) 71:4, 1004.
MCPHAIL, THOMAS L., Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends (Kevin L. Keenan) 79:2, 488.
MCQUAIL, DENIS, Audience Analysis (Gerald M. Kosicki) 75:3, 659.
MEADOWS, MICHAEL, Voices in the Wilderness: Images of Aboriginal People in the Australian Media (Félix Gutiérrez) 78:4, 879.
MELKOTE, SRINIVAS R. and SANDHYA RAO, eds., Critical Issues in Communication: Looking Inward for Answers. Essays in Honor of K.E. Eapen (Nilanjana Bardhan) 79:3, 760.
MELLO, MICHAEL, The Wrong Man – A True Story of Innocence on Death Row (Linn Washington Jr.) 79:2, 521.
MERMIN, JONATHAN, Debating War and Peace: Media Coverage of U.S. Intervention in the Post-Vietnam (W. Richard Whitaker) 76:4, 779.
MERRILL, JOHN C., Journalism Ethics: Philosophical Foundations for News Media (Hendrik Overduin) 75:2, 432.
MERRILL, JOHN C., PETER J. GADE, and FREDERICK R. BLEVENS, Twilight of Press Freedom: The Rise of People’s Journalism (Robert E. Drechsel) 78:3, 620.
MERRITT, DAVIS “BUZZ,” Public Journalism & Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Barbara Zang) 72:4, 976.
MERZER, MARTIN, and the staff of The Miami Herald, The Miami Herald Report: Democracy Held Hostage (Michael B. Salwen) 78:3, 613.
MESSARIS, PAUL, “Visual Literacy”: Image, Mind, and Reality (Kevin G. Barnhurst) 71:3, 756.
METALLINOS, NIKOS, Television Aesthetics: Perceptual, Cognitive, and Compositional Bases (Thimios Zaharopoulos) 74:2, 448.
MEYERS, JEFFREY, Edmund Wilson: A Biography (James Aucoin) 72:4, 968.
MEYERS, MARIAN, News Coverage of Violence Against Women: Engendering Blame (Julie Henderson) 74:3, 652.
MICKELSON, SIG, The Decade That Shaped Television News: CBS in the 1950s (Chris W. Allen) 76:1, 170.
MICKIEWICZ, ELLEN, Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in Russia (Douglas A. Boyd) 74:3, 645.
MILLER, BARBARA, and others, Education for Freedom (Louis E. Inglehart) 71:4, 1024.
MILLER, JON D. and LINDA G. KIMMEL, Biomedical Communications: Purposes, Audiences, and Strategies (Janet Kaye) 79:3, 747.
MILLER, KAREN S., The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations (Frank D. Durham) 76:4, 789.
MILLER, TOBY, NITIN GOVIL, JOHN MCMURRIA, and RICHARD MAXWELL, Global Hollywood (Anne Cooper-Chen) 79:3, 768.
MIN, EUNGJUN, ed., Reading the Homeless: The Media’s Image of Homeless Culture (Barbara Zang) 77:2, 437.
MINDICH, DAVID T. Z., Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism (Robert M. Ogles) 76:2, 398.
MIRALDI, ROBERT, ed., The Muckrakers: Evangelical Crusaders (Susan Willey) 78:2, 397.
MITCHELL, CAROLINE, ed., Women and Radio: Airing Differences (Christopher H. Sterling) 79:1, 2, 79:1, 233.
MITCHELL, CATHERINE C., Margaret Fuller’s New York Journalism: A Biographical Essay and Key Writings (Karen F. Brown) 72:4, 969.
MONDAK, JEFFERY J., Nothing to Read: Newspapers and Elections in a Social Experiment (David H. Morrissey) 73:2, 497.
MONTGOMERY, GAYLE B. and JAMES W. JOHNSON with PAUL G. MANOLIS, One Step From the White House: The Rise and Fall of Senator William F. Knowland (George Estrada Jr.) 75:4, 851.
MOORE, MOLLY, A Woman at War: Storming Kuwait with the U.S. Marines (Meta G. Carstarphen) 71:2, 481.
MOORE, ROY L., Mass Communication Law and Ethics (Craig Sanders) 72:1, 245.
MORFFITT, MARY ANNE, Campaign Strategies and Message Design: A Practitioner’s Guide from Start to Finish (Edd Applegate) 76:3, 606.
MORLEY, PATRICK, This Is the American Forces Network: The Anglo-American Battle of the Air Waves in World War II (Wallace B. Eberhard) 79:1, 257.
MORRIS, JAMES MCGRATH, Jailhouse Journalism: The Fourth Estate Behind Bars (George M. Abney) 76:1, 176.
MOY, PATRICIA and MICHAEL PFAU, With Malice Toward All? The Media and Public Confidence in Democratic Institutions (Edmund B. Lambeth) 77:4, 933.
MUELLER, MILTON L., Telephone Companies in Paradise: A Case Study in Telecommunications Deregulation (Hoyt Purvis) 71:3, 754.
MULLEN, MEGAN, The Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Revolution or Evolution? (W. Richard Whitaker) 80:4, 997.
MUNSON, EVE STRYKER and CATHERINE A. WARREN, eds., James W. Carey: A Critical Reader (Theodore L. Glasser) 75:1, 212.
MUNSON, WAYNE, All Talk: The Talk Show in Media Culture (Judith Sheppard) 71:4, 999.
MURPHY, JOHN H. and ISABELLA C.M. CUNNINGHAM, Advertising and Marketing Communication Management (E. Lincoln James) 72:1, 232.
MURPHY, TIMOTHY and SUZANNE POIRIER, eds., Writing AIDS: Gay Literature, Language and Analysis (John E. Bowes) 71:1, 231.
MURRAY, DAVID, JOEL SCHWARTZ, and S. ROBERT LICHTER, It Ain’t Necessarily So: How the Media Make and Unmake the Scientific Picture of Reality (Edward Caudill) 79:1, 236.
MURRAY, MICHAEL D., The Political Performers: CBS Broadcasts in the Public Interest (Joan Bieder) 72:3, 744.
MURRAY, MICHAEL D. and DONALD G. GODFREY, eds.,Television in America: Local Station History from Across the Nation (Jim Upshaw) 74:4, 907.
MURRAY, MICHAEL D., ed., Encyclopedia of Television News (Kris M. Wilson) 76:2, 392.
MYTTON, GRAHAM, ed., Global Audiences: Research for World Broadcasting 1993 (Tuen-Yu Lau) 71:1, 224.
N
NACOS, BRIGITTE L., Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the World Trade Center Bombing (Caroline Dow) 72:4, 979.
NACOS, BRIGETTE L., Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the Oklahoma City Bombing (Richard Shafer) 73:3, 770.
NACOS, BRIGETTE L., Mass Mediated Terrorism (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731.
NAPOLI, PHILIP M., Foundations of Communications Policy: Principles and Process in the Regulation of Electronic Media (Louise Benjamin) 78:4, 854.
NASAW, DAVID, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Michael S. Sweeney) 78:1, 196.
NEGROPONTE, NICHOLAS, Being Digital (Suzanne Huffman) 72:4, 965.
NELSON, JILL, Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience (Diana Fallis) 71:2, 479.
NELSON, RICHARD ALAN, A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States (Manny Paraschos) 74:3, 645.
NELSON, STANLEY, producer, The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords (video) (Harry Amana) 75:2, 435.
NERONE, JOHN, Violence Against the Press: Policing the Public Sphere in U.S. History (Norma Fay Green) 72:2, 484.
NEUZIL, MARK and WILLIAM KOVARIK, Mass Media & Environmental Conflict: America’s Green Crusades (John A. Palen) 74:1, 214.
NEVILLE, JOHN F., The Press, the Rosenbergs and the Cold War (J. Michael Robertson) 73:2, 499.
NEWKIRK, PAMELA, Within the Veil: Black Journalists, White Media (Harry Amana) 77:4, 934.
NEWMAN, BRUCE I., The Mass Marketing of Politics: Democracy in an Age of Manufactured Images (Patricia Moy) 76:4, 781.
NEWTON, JULIANNE H., The Burden of Visual Truth: The Role of Photojournalism in Mediating Reality (Paul E. Kostyu) 78:1, 195.
NIVAT, ANNE, Chienne De Guerre: A Woman Reporter Behind the Lines of the War in Chechnya (Linda J. Lumsden) 79:3, 756.
NOCK, STEVEN L., The Costs of Privacy: Surveillance And Reputation in America (Tim Gleason) 71:2, 464.
NORD, DAVID PAUL, Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers (Hazel Dicken-Garcia) 79:2, 475.
NORDENSTRENG, KAARLE and HERBERT I. SCHILLER, eds., Beyond National Sovereignty: International Communication in the 1990s (Paul Ashdown) 71:3, 734.
NORDENSTRENG, KAARLE, ELENA VARTANOVA, and YASSEN ZAS-SOURSKY, eds., Russian Media Challenge (Owen V. Johnson) 79:3, 788.
NORRIS, PIPPA, A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies (Mira Sotirovic) 78:3, 623.
NORRIS, PIPPA, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide (Sheila L. Tefft) 79:2, 479.
NORTON, BARBARA T. and JEHANNE M GHEITH, eds., An Improper Profession: Women, Gender and Journalism in Late Imperial Russia (Robin Bisha) 80:1, 211.
Book Reviews Index G, H, 71-80
J&MC Quarterly Index Vol. 71-80 • 1994 to 2003
G
GANDY, OSCAR H., JR., The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information (Phil Tichenor) 71:1, 251.
GANDY, OSCAR H., JR., Communication and Race, A Structural Perspective (Lionel C. Barrow Jr.) 76:1, 165.
GANLEY, GLADYS D., Unglued Empire: The Soviet Experience With Communications Technologies (Stephen Vaughn) 74:1, 222.
GARCIA, MARIO T., ed., Rubén Salazar Border Correspondent: Selected Writings, 1955-1970 (Felix Gutierrez) 73:2, 501.
GARRISON, BRUCE, Successful Strategies for Computer-Assisted Reporting (Daniel J. Foley) 74:3, 656.
GARRY, PATRICK M., Scrambling for Protection: The New Media and The First Amendment (Laurence B. Alexander) 72:3, 751.
GARY, BRETT, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (Robert Jensen) 77:2, 432.
GASTEL, BARBARA, M.D., Health Writer’s Handbook (Beth Haller) 75:2, 438.
GATES, BILL with NATHAN MYHRVOLD and PETER RINEARSON, The Road Ahead (Suzanne Huffman) 73:2, 500.
GAUNT, PHILIP, Beyond Agendas: New Directions in Communication Research (James B. Lemert) 71:3, 733.
GAWISER, SHELDON R. and G. EVANS WITT, A Journalist’s Guide to Public Opinion Polls (Dominic L. Lasorsa) 72:2, 471.
GELDERMAN, CAROL, All the Presidents’ Words: The Bully Pulpit and the Creation of the Virtual Presidency (Julie Henderson) 75:3, 657.
GEYER, GEORGIE ANNE, Buying the Night Flight: The Autobiography of a Woman Foreign Correspondent (Linda J. Lumsden) 78:4, 849.
GIBBS, JOSEPH, Gorbachev’s Glasnost: The Soviet Media in the First Phase of Perestroika (Robyn S. Goodman) 77:1, 197.
GILBERT, ALLISON, ROBYN WALENSKY, MELINDA MURPHY, PHIL HIRSCHKORN, and MITCHELL STEVENS, eds., Covering Catastrophe: Broadcast Journalists Report September 11 (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731.
GINSBURG, FAYE D., LILA ABU-LUGHOD, and BRIAN LARKIN, eds., Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain (Laura McClusky and Michael I. Niman) 80:1, 215.
GIROUX, HENRY A., The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence (William McKeen) 77:2, 430.
GJELTEN, TOM, Sarajevo Daily: A City and Its Newspaper Under Siege (Ray E. Hiebert) 73:1, 270.
GLANDER, TIMOTHY, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and Contemporary Implications (Wayne A. Danielson) 77:2, 433.
GODFREY, DONALD G., Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television (Peter E. Mayeux) 79:1, 246.
GODIN, SETH, Permission Marketing (James Pokrywcznski) 76:4, 785.
GOLDBERG, BERNARD, Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News (Lloyd Dobyns) 79:2, 471.
GOLDFARB, RONALD L., TV or not TV: Television, Justice, and the Courts (Kenneth C. Killebrew Jr.) 75:3, 676.
GOLDMAN, ROBERT and STEPHEN PAPSON, Nike Culture (Kim Bartel Sheehan) 76:4, 783.
GOLDSTEIN, ROBERT JUSTIN, ed., The War for the Public Mind: Political Censorship in Nineteenth-Century Europe (W. Joseph Campbell) 78:2, 405.
GOOD, HOWARD, The Journalist as Autobiographer (Kathryn Smoot Egan) 71:2, 467.
GOOD, HOWARD, Girl Reporter: Gender, Journalism, and the Movies (Lillie M. Fears) 75:4, 844.
GOOD, HOWARD, The Drunken Journalist: The Biography of a Film Stereotype (David T. Z. Mindich) 78:2, 389.
GOOD, HOWARD and MICHAEL J. DILLON, Media Ethics Goes to the Movies (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 80:2, 465.
GOONASEKERA, ANURA and YOUICHI ITO, eds., Mass Media and Cultural Identity: Ethnic Reporting in Asia (Anantha S. Babbili) 77:1, 199.
GORDON, A. DAVID, JOHN M. KITTROSS, and CAROL REUSS, Controversies in Media Ethics (Mike Cowling) 73:3, 758.
GORDON, A. DAVID, JOHN M. KITTROSS, and CAROL REUSS, Controversies in Media Ethics (Lorna Veraldi) 74:1, 201.
GOTTLIEB, AGNES HOOPER, Women Journalists and the Municipal Housekeeping Movement: 1868-1914 (Elizabeth V. Burt) 79:2, 519.
GOUGH-YATES, ANNA, Understanding Women’s Magazines: Publishing, Markets and Readerships (Julie L. Andsager) 80:4, 1001.
GOWER, KARLA K., Liberty and Authority in Free Expression Law: The United States and Canada (Kyu Ho Youm) 80:3, 748.
GRABOSKY, P. N. and RUSSELL G. SMITH, Crime in the Digital Age: Controlling Telecommunications and Cyberspace Illegalities (William J. Leonhirth) 76:1, 168.
GRAINGE, PAUL, Monochrome Memories: Nostalgia and Style in Retro America (Dolores Flamiano) 80:1, 216.
GRANT, AUGUST E., ed., Communication Technology Update (Brad Thompson) 72:4, 967.
GRAUER, NEIL A., Remember Laughter: A Life of James Thurber (R. Thomas Berner) 73:4, 1005.
GRAY, HERMAN, Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for Blackness (Sharon Bramlett-Solomon) 75:1, 229.
GREENBERG, BRADLEY S., JANE D. BROWN, and NANCY L. BUERKEL-ROTHFUSS, Media, Sex and the Adolescent (Erica Weintraub Austin) 71:4, 1005.
GREENBERG, BRADLEY S. and MARCIA TAYLOR THOMPSON, eds., Communication and Terrorism (Christopher Hanson) 80:3, 731.
GREENBERG, GERALD S., Tabloid Journalism: An Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Sources (Matthew C. Ehrlich) 74:1, 221.
GREENWALD, MARILYN and JOSEPH BERNT, eds., The Big Chill: Investigative Reporting in the Current Media Environment (Stephen G. Bloom) 77:3, 683.
GREENWALD, MARILYN S., A Woman of the Times: Journalism, Feminism, and the Career of Charlotte Curtis (Kim E. Karloff) 76:4, 790.
GRIESE, NOEL L., Arthur W. Page: Publisher, Public Relations Pioneer, Patriot (Doug Newsom) 78:3, 603.
GRIFFIN, SEAN, Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company from Inside Out (Joseph C. Harry) 79:1, 258.
GRIZZLE, RALPH, Remembering Charles Kuralt (Michael D. Murray) 79:2, 508.
GROSS, LARRY, Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing (Roger Simpson) 71:4, 1000.
GROSS, LARRY, Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America (Rodger Streitmatter) 79:2, 518.
GROSS, PETER, Entangled Evolutions: Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe (Robyn S. Goodman) 80:1, 204.
GROSSBERG, LAWRENCE, ELLEN WARTELLA, and D. CHARLES WHITNEY, Media Making: Mass Media in a Popular Culture (Denis McQuail) 75:4, 847.
GRUNIG, LARISSA A., ELIZABETH L. TOTH, and LINDA CHILDERS HON, Women in Public Relations: How Gender Influences Practice (Janet A. Bridges) 78:4, 884.
GUNARATNE, SHELTON A., ed., Handbook of the Media in Asia (Hong Cheng) 80:1, 210.
GUNTER, BARRIE and MALLORY WOBER, The Reactive Viewer: A Review of Research on Audience Reaction Measurement (James B. Weaver, III) 71:1, 253.
GUNTER, BARRIE, Media Sex: What Are the Issues? (Dane S. Claussen) 79:4, 1020.
GUNTER, BARRIE, News and the Net (Clyde H. Bentley) 80:3, 735.
GUNTHER, RICHARD and ANTHONY MUGHAN, eds., Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective (Robert L. Stevenson) 78:1, 198.
GUTWIRTH, SERGE, Privacy and the Information Age (Kathleen K. Olson) 80:1, 220.
H
HACHTEN, WILLIAM A., The Growth of the Media in the Third World: African Failures, Asian Successes (Maria E. Carrington) 71:1, 222.
HACHTEN, WILLIAM A. with HARVA HACHTEN, The World News Prism: Changing Media of International Communication (John Maxwell Hamilton) 73:4, 1022.
HACHTEN, WILLIAM A., The Troubles of Journalism (Mead Loop) 75:2, 433.
HACHTEN, WILLIAM A. and JAMES F. SCOTTON, The World News Prism: Global Media in an Era of Terrorism (David W. Johnson) 80:3, 766.
HAGAMAN, DIANNE, How I Learned Not To Be A Photojournalist (Charles Lewis) 74:1, 209.
HAIMAN, FRANKLYN S., “Speech Acts” and the First Amendment (Paul Parsons) 71:4, 1017.
HAINEAULT, DORIS-LOUISE and JEAN-YVES ROY, Unconscious For Sale: Advertising, Psychoanalysis and the Public (Ivan L. Preston) 71:2, 479.
HALL, ANN C., ed., Delights, Desires, and Dilemmas: Essays on Women and the Media (Beth Olson) 76:2, 391.
HALPER, DONNA L., Invisible Stars: A Social History of Women in American Broadcasting (Christopher H. Sterling) 79:1, 233.
HAMELINK, CEES J., The Politics of World Communication (Jack Lule) 72:3, 746.
HAMILL, PETE, News is a Verb: Journalism at the End of the Twentieth Century (Jeff Merron) 75:3, 669.
HAMILTON, JAMES T., Channeling Violence: The Economic Market for Violent Television Programming (Douglas Gomery) 75:4, 840.
HAMILTON, JOHN MAXWELL and GEORGE A. KRIMSKY, Hold the Press: The Inside Story on Newspapers (Hampden H. Smith III) 73:4, 1001.
HAMMOND, PHILIP and EDWARD S. HERMAN, eds., Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis (Robert Jensen) 78:1, 197.
HAMMOND, WILLIAM M., Reporting Vietnam: Media & Military at War (Roy Hamric) 76:3, 612.
HANGEN, TONA J., Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, & Popular Culture in America (Bruce J. Evensen) 80:2, 476.
HANSEN, ANDERS, ed., The Mass Media and Environmental Issues (JoAnn Myer Valenti) 71:2, 470.
HARDT, HANNO, Social Theories of the Press: Constituents of Communication Research, 1840s to 1920s (John Nerone) 79:3, 790.
HARP, STEPHEN L., Marketing Michelin. Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth-Century France (Thomas Gould) 80:2, 464.
HARPER, CHRISTOPHER, And That’s the Way It Will Be: News and Information in a Digital World (Jane B. Singer) 75:3, 657.
HARPER, CHRISTOPHER, ed., What’s Next in Mass Communication: Readings on Media and Culture (William G. Covington Jr.) 75:2, 428.
HART, MICHAEL, The American Internet Advantage. Global Themes and Implications of the Modern World (David E. Sumner) 78:2, 388.
HARTNETT, STEPHEN J., Democratic Dissent and the Cultural Fictions of Antebellum America (Debra Reddin Van Tuyll) 79:3, 763.
HARTSOCK, JOHN C., A History of American Literary Journalism: The Emergence of a Modern Narrative Form (James W. Tankard Jr.) 78:2, 391.
HASLAM, CHERYL and ALAN BRYMAN, eds., Social Scientists Meet the Media (William Evans) 72:2, 483.
HAYES, JOY ELIZABETH, Radio Nation: Communication, Popular Culture, and Nationalism in Mexico. 1920-1950 (Alfonso Gumucio Dagron) 79:1, 252.
HAYS, ROBERT G., A Race at Bay: New York Times Editorials on “the Indian Problem,” 1860-1900 (Robert D. Sampson) 74:2, 446.
HEATH, ROBERT L., Management of Corporate Communication: From Interpersonal Contacts to External Affairs (Kathy R. Fitzpatrick) 72:1, 244.
HECHT, MICHAEL L., ed., Communicating Prejudice (Pearlie Strother-Adams) 75:3, 660.
HEIDER, DON, White News: Why Local News Programs Don’t Cover People of Color (Félix Gutiérrez) 77:3, 698.
HEINKE, REX S., Media Law (Kyu Ho Youm) 72:4, 971.
HEINZ, W. C., When We Were One: Stories of World War II (Wallace B. Eberhard) 80:1, 232.
HENDRIKS, PATRICK, Newspapers: A Lost Cause? Strategic Management of Newspaper Firms in the United States and The Netherlands (Dane S. Claussen) 76:4, 782.
HENISCH, HEINZ and BRIDGET HENISCH, The Painted Photograph, 1839-1914: Origins, Techniques, Aspirations (Patsy G. Watkins) 74:1, 217.
HERBST, SUSAN, Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics (Elliot King) 71:3, 746.
HESS, STEPHEN, News & Newsmaking: Essays by Stephen Hess (James Hamilton) 73:3, 763.
HESS, STEPHEN, International News & Foreign Correspondents (Rosenthal Calmon Alves) 73:4, 1003.
HESS, STEPHEN and MARVIN KALB, The Media and the War on Terrorism (Jeremy Harris Lipschultz) 80:4, 986.
HEWITT, DON, Tell Me a Story: Fifty Years and “60 Minutes” in Television (Michael D. Murray) 78:3, 618.
HILL, DANIEL DELIS, Advertising to the American Woman: 1900-1999 (Denise E. Delorme) 80:3, 735.
HILLIARD, ROBERT L. and MICHAEL C. KEITH, The Hidden Screen: Low Power Television in America (Reed Smith) 77:1, 198.
HILLIARD, ROBERT L. and MICHAEL C. KEITH, Dirty Discourse: Sex and Indecency in American Radio (Milagros Rivera) 80:2, 455.
HILMES, MICHELE and JASON LOVIGLIO, eds., Radio Reader: Essays in the Cultural History of Radio (Frank Chorba) 80:1, 222.
HINDMAN, ELIZABETH B., Rights vs. Responsibilities: The Supreme Court and the Media (Sandra F. Chance) 74:4, 904.
HINDS, LYNN BOYD, Broadcasting the Local News, The Early Years of Pittsburgh’s KDKA-TV (Don Edwards) 73:2, 481.
HOFFMANN-RIEM, WOLFGANG, Regulating Media – The Licensing and Supervision of Broadcasting in Six Countries (J.R. Rush Jr.) 74:2, 447.
HOGAN, J. MICHAEL, The Nuclear Freeze Campaign: Rhetoric and Foreign Policy in the Telepolitical Age (Phyllis Zagano) 72:3, 742.
HOHENBERG, JOHN, The Pulitzer Diaries: Inside America’s Greatest Prize (Bryce Nelson) 75:3, 672.
HOLBROOK, DAVID, Creativity and Popular Culture (Kate Peirce) 72:1, 239.
HOLLIHAN, THOMAS A., Uncivil Wars: Political Campaigns in a Media Age (Eric P. Bucy) 622.
HONG, JUNHAO, The Internationalization of Television in China: The Evolution of Ideology, Society, and Media since the Reform (Tsan-Kuo Chang) 76:2, 397.
HORNIK, ROBERT, ed., Public Health Communication: Evidence for Behavior Change (Kim Walsh-Childers) 80:2, 475.
HORNING, ALICE S., The Psycholinguistics of Readable Writing: A Multidisciplinary Exploration (Dana Loewy) 71:3, 749.
HORTEN, GERD, Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda During World War II (Michael S. Sweeney) 79:2, 507.
HOYER, SVENNIK, EPP LAUK, and PEETER VIHALEMM, eds., Towards a Civic Society: The Baltic Media’s Long Road to Freedom (W. Richard Whitaker) 71:2, 477.
HOYNES, WILLIAM, Public Television for Sale: Media, the Market and the Public Sphere (Helena Mitchell) 72:2, 480.
HUME, JANICE, Obituaries in American Culture (Andie Tucher) 78:1, 203.
HUMPHREY, CAROL SUE, The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833 (Ross F. Collins) 74:1, 218.
HUNT, DARNELL M., Screening the Los Angeles “Riots”: Race, Seeing and Resistance (Don Heider) 74:4, 906.
HUTCHBY, IAN and JO MORAN-ELLIS, eds., Children, Technology and Culture (Keisha L. Hoerrner) 80:4, 975.
HUTTON, FRANKIE, The Early Black Press in America, 1827 to 1860 (Carolyn A. Stroman) 71:1, 259.
History 2006 Abstracts
History Division
Pete Rozelle: How The Commissioner Used Public Relations To Promote The NFL • William B. Anderson, University of Scranton • This study on former National Football League Commissioner Pete Rozelle presents a unique opportunity to examine how an organizational leader with PR work experience managed a business operation. Rozelle used his public relations background to help make the NFL America’s number one sport (in terms of revenue and in fan polling). Rozelle’s work was analyzed with a methodology developed by Irwin, Zwick & Sutton (1999), which offered a multidimensional approach to help measure organizational performance.
Postal System Development During the Civil War • John Anderson, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • During the Civil War, postal system development in the United States and Confederate States of America took radically divergent paths. Whereas the U.S. subsidized its postal system, the Confederacy required self-sufficiency. While it remarkably achieved this goal, it did so at the cost of service and public access. To the contrary, the U.S. Post Office implemented several service innovations during wartime. Post-war the U.S. Post Office Department was an active participant in the reunification process.
A Sales Floor in the Sky: Department Store Radio Stations, 1920-1922 • Noah Arceneaux, University of Georgia • Following the creation of the first radio stations in 1920, the number of stations exploded in the following two years. Department stores operated 30 of these early stations and used them to stimulate the sale of receivers, to advertise the store, and to promote specific lines of merchandise. This research analyzes the overlooked phenomenon of department store radio stations as precursors to the commercial model of broadcasting that would eventually dominate the industry.
“Sorry, Cable Trouble”: Kenneth Cox, Lee Loevinger and FCC Reforms in the 1960s • John Armstrong, Furman University • The mid-1960s were a period of ferment and conflict on the Federal Communications Commission. Key issues for the FCC included economic protection for broadcasters against cable television, programming requirements for television licensees, and the fate of the racist television station WLBT. Kenneth Cox and Lee Loevinger were important figures in two conflicting factions of the FCC.
Mediocrity Under Pressure: Chicago Defender coverage of the integration professional baseball in Chicago • Brian Carroll, Berry College • This paper examines the Chicago Cubs’ integration as it was chronicled and contextualized by the Chicago Defender. The Cubs’ additions of Ernie Banks and Gene Baker late in 1953 are placed into the black community’s social and cultural contexts of the time. Examined are the loyalties of the city’s South Side, cleavages that were already divided among the White Sox, which integrated several seasons prior, and the Negro American League, which was struggling to survive.
You have the right to remain silent or you may choose to put your words in print: The Rikers Review and the prison press as advocacy journalism • Kalen M.A. Churcher, The Pennsylvania State University • Prison journalism has been a part of U.S. history since 1800, yet the subgenre has become nearly extinct. Through a close reading of three of the earliest years (1937-1939) of the Rikers Review, this research paper describes how prison reform advocacy was woven into prison journalism much like black, abolitionist and suffragist newspapers presented their own constituencies’ crusades. Though clearly understudied, prison journalism warrants the same scholarly recognition afforded to other advocacy media.
Personal journalism before blogs (anc! before ‘zines): The “amateur press” or “amateur journalism” since 1786 • Dane S. Claussen, Point Park University • After introducing blogging and the “amateur press” movement (primarily late 1860s onward), including listing “amateur journalists” who went on to become prominent newspaper editors and publishers, this paper compares and contrasts today’s blogging with yesteryear’s amateur press movement. Similarities include heavy preponderance of confident, even egotistical, youth; usually short durations; small audiences; financial investment but little or no return; inexpensive technological advances; society’s influences on content; formation of journalists’ community; and no quality control.
Gilles Caron’s coverage of the May 1968 rebellion • Claude Cookman, Indiana University • This article analyzes photojournalist Gilles Caron’s coverage of the May 1968 rebellion in Paris. It argues that Caron photographed the events with great thoroughness, covering both the student militants and the forces of order during the nightly skirmishes; documenting numerous demonstrations, rallies, political meetings and other major events, and portraying the major student leaders and politicians. It maintains Caron produced several images that went beyond daily news photographs to become lasting symbols of the rebellion.
Study Buddies, Matchmakers, and Career Advisors: Cigarette Promotion in the University of Tennessee Newspaper The Orange and White 1926-1963 • Elizabeth Crisp Crawford, University of Tennessee Knoxville • From the 1920s to the 1960s cigarette companies were lucrative campus newspaper advertising sponsors. Advertisements played an important role in creating and reinforcing a cigarette smoking culture. The goal of this research will be to show how cigarette advertisers refined their product’s image to appeal to college students. The campus newspaper of The University of Tennessee, The Orange and White, wil1 serve as a case history to demonstrate how this goal was achieved.
Extra! Chicago Defender Race Record Ads Show South From Afar • Mark K. Dolan, University of Mississippi • The present study examines the South in the narratives, illustrations and song titles of 148 blues and jazz record ads culled from the hundreds appearing in the Chicago Defender between 1920 and 1929. This new, emotionally-charged look at the South through its blues and jazz artists as reflected in the ads clashed with the paper’s prevailing cultural conservatism, the resulting tension is the focus of this study.
“A More Beautiful, More Perfect Lily.” Canadian Women’s Education and Work in the Christian Reform Journalism of Agnes Maule Machar, 1870’s-1890’s • Barbara M. Freeman, Carleton University • Agnes Maule Machar of Kingston, Ontario, was an ardent Canadian nationalist, a Christian social reformer and an early women’s movement activist who believed education was the key to challenging work for women. From the 1870’s to the 1890’s, Machar presented her ideas in several intellectual magazines. Her journalism was shaped by her maternal feminism and Christian social reform activism, the prevailing cultural discourse about women’s rights, and growing commercial pressures in the Canadian magazine industry.
Out of the Darkness, A Hero Emerges: Press Coverage of Coal Mining Disasters • Karen M. Hilyard, University of Georgia • Coal miners are among the most enduring of America’s proletarian heroes, evoking anachronistic imagery and sentimentality. This study seeks to add to the understanding of how heroes are created and covered by journalists, by analyzing media representations of the coal miner during a string of December 1907 mining disasters, as covered by The Philadelphia Inquirer, one of the era’s most prominent urban mass circulation newspapers and the major daily of the coal mining regions.
“Darling Jerry, Darling Mabel, Darling Moran: Ernie Pyle and the Women Behind Him” • Owen V. Johnson, Indiana University • This paper, based on much previously private correspondence, examines the relationship of journalistic icon Ernie Pyle with three women with whom he was intimate and their apparent impact on his journalistic performance. The first was his wife Jerry who nursed him through his days on the road across the United States. As she sank deeper and deeper into manic depression, alcoholism and drug addiction, he was attracted to other women who might take Jerry’s place.
The Lost World of Richard Rovere and Joe McCarthy • Julie B. Lane, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Richard Rovere, the longtime New Yorker correspondent, was an early critic of Senator Joe McCarthy. Reactions to Rovere’s biography of the senator overlook his grudging appreciation of McCarthy’s abilities and obscure his contribution to the journalistic response to McCarthy. Rovere saw McCarthy as a demagogue who dominated U.S. politics and America’s global reputation. This examination of Rovere’s writings adds to our understanding of journalism’s response to McCarthy and to the complexity of the senator’s legacy.
“As citizens of Portland we must protest: Beatrice Morrow Cannady and African American Response to D.W. Griffith’s “Masterpiece,” The Birth of a Nation • Kimberley Mangun, University of Utah • Although some have studied NAACP attempts to bar The Birth of a Nation, journalism historians have overlooked the challenges facing isolated editors. This original study depicts editor Beatrice Cannady’s advocacy on behalf of Black Oregonians. Using primary documents including articles and editorials in the Advocate—the newspaper she published until 1936—film reviews and news stories in the white press, and NAACP documents, this study re-creates a contentious period and illustrates the paper’s importance as a mouthpiece.
Deadly Inferno(s): MOVE as a category for analyzing crisis? • Nicole Maurantonio, University of Pennsylvania • This paper explores how news organizations across the United States chose to present the analogy between the crises in Philadelphia and Waco through an examination of print coverage of the Branch Davidian compound’s destruction. Drawing upon the 1985 bombing of the MOVE house as a similar incident within recent history, journalists attempted to situate the actions taken in Waco within a context accessible to the public.
Meet Pretty Kitty Kelly: Marion Keisker’s Negotiation of Gender in 1940s Memphis Radio • Melissa Meade, Colby-Sawyer College • This paper explores the career of Marion Keisker, a frequently overlooked figure in the history of radio. In the 1940s Keisker developed the “Kitty Kelly” persona on WRECAM, and became well-known in the Memphis community. This study analyzes one particularly illuminating interview, in which Keisker negotiates and challenges inherited gender roles, paving the way for a later career working in the second-wave U.S. women’s rights movement.
A Failed Crusade: Newsroom Integration and the Tokenization of John Sengstacke • Gwyneth Mellinger, Baker University • In 1972 a small group of editors urged the American Society of Newspaper Editors to take up the cause of newsroom integration, but to no avail. Through analysis of primary materials, this paper traces the ways in which the editors’ attempt to enact social justice was repeatedly subverted, often by their own actions. Central to this argument is a discussion of the ASNE’s tokenization of John Sengstacke, the organization’s first black member.
Isaac D. White, Yellow Journalism and the Birth of Media Accountability • Neil Nemeth, Purdue University • This paper examines the role of the New York World’s Isaac D. White (1864-1943) as a major crime reporter, legal expert and the first news ombudsman. After a reporting career of 25 years, White became an expert in media law and the first news ombudsman as head of the World’s Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play from 1913 to 1931. The paper argues that White was a significant figure in the development of media accountability.
Forgotten and Ignored: Mississippi Newspaper Coverage of Clyde Kennard and his efforts to integrate Mississippi Southern College • Jason A. Peterson, University of Southern Mississippi • Clyde Kennard unsuccessfully tried to integrate Mississippi Southern College in 1959. For his efforts, he was charged with a number of questionable crimes, culminating in a seven-year burglary conviction. This paper argues that the majority of print media outlets in Mississippi failed in their journalistic duties of presenting an unbiased and accurate depiction of the Kennard story.
Tarred, Feathered, and Speaking to the Nation: Niles’ Register and Political Thought, 1829-1849 • Erika J. Pribanic-Smith, University of Alabama • The author conducted a Web-based content analysis to determine Niles’ Register’s position during the Nullification and Wilmot Proviso controversies, if there was a difference between the two, and how the Register compared with political sentiment. The Register reflected Niles’ support of the tariff and opposition to nullification, whereas his successors remained neutral on the Proviso. Other changes during the Proviso included different source materials, blander content, and fewer editorials. The Register reflected the political atmosphere.
Organizing Resistance: The Use of Public Relations by the Citizens’ Councils in Mississippi, 1954-1964 • Laura Richardson Walton, Mississippi State University • During the decade that followed the Brown decision, white Mississippians engaged in many activities to avoid and even nullify the Supreme Court’s edict to integrate the state’s public school systems. In coordinating efforts to protect the “Southern way of life,” the Citizens’ Councils engaged in public relations campaigns that became the key component of the state’s battle to preserve its lily-white school systems.
Hero building in Sporting Life, an early baseball journal • Lori Amber Roessner, University of Georgia • By the turn of the twentieth century, organized baseball had emerged as America’s national pastime with larger-than-life heroes enshrined in mythic lore. Early sportswriters engaged in a symbiotic relationship with organized baseball, promoting the sport, its leaders and players, yet all the while profiting from the game’s success. This paper examines how early sports journalists crafted sports heroes through primitive and advanced means by analyzing Sporting Life, one of the earliest sports journals, from 1912-17.
Hayes, Herr and Sack: Esquire Goes to Vietnam • Keith Saliba, University of Florida • This paper examines the work of Harold Hayes, Michael Herr and John Sack, and what their loose collaboration while serving as editor and writers respectively for Esquire magazine during the 1960s contributed to the journalistic coverage of America’s involvement in Vietnam. Using techniques generally ascribed to literary journalism – and with Hayes’ blessing – Herr and Sack went beyond traditional reporting to delve deeper and reveal a truer picture of the conflict and its human costs.
Rethinking Rights: Press Coverage of Orders Rescinding the World War II Evacuation of Japanese-Americans • Glenn W. Scott, Elon University • California newspapers supported the War Department’s order sending Japanese Americans into internment camps in the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor. When federal decrees were rescinded in late 1944, papers began to reconsider their coverage and depictions of Japanese-Americans returning to the West Coast. This study finds the San Francisco Chronicle, influenced by retired editor Chester H. Rowell, was more willing to revise its narrative than the other major paper, the Los Angeles Times.
Carrying the Banner: The Portrayal of the American Newsboy Myth in the Disney Musical Newsies • Stephen Siff, Ohio University • The Disney musical Newsies depicts a previously forgotten moment in journalism history, when newsboys in New York shut down two of the largest newspapers in the country and sparked what nearly became a city-wide children’s general strike. This paper examines the musical’s fidelity to period accounts of newsboys and 1899 New York newsboy strike and assesses it as a work of history.
Exiled from Italy: The Golden Voice of Italy’s Propaganda Broadcasts (1932-1937) • Stacy Spaulding, Columbia Union College • This paper examines the Italian broadcasting career of Lisa Sergio, a propaganda broadcaster in Rome from 1932 to 1937. Did Sergio, as she claimed in her autobiographical writings, immigrate to the United States because she became an antifascist while working for Italian dictator Benito Mussolini? Or, as FBI informants believed, was Sergio forced into exile because she became too vocal about affairs with high fascist officials?
The Journalist and the Jurist: Twenty Years of Correspondence Between Two Political Adversaries • Kevin Stoker, Brigham Young University • In the early days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, a progressive Harvard Law professor and a conservative New York editorial page editor began a correspondence that lasted twenty years. The Democratic jurist and future Supreme Court Justice, Felix Frankfurter, had helped found the American Civil Liberties Union and the New Republic. His Republican journalistic cohort, Geoffrey Parsons, wrote for the New Deal’s leading opponent, the New York Herald Tribune.
A Crucible For the First Amendment: The Hollywood Ten in the Autumn of 1947 • Wendy E. Swanberg, University of Wisconsin-Madison • This paper explores the First Amendment implications of the Hollywood blacklists. In November 1947, ten screenwriters were charged with contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. The “Hollywood Ten” fought the charges with a novel First Amendment argument, but ultimately lost when the movie industry refused to support them. The screenwriters’ constitutional right to silence ran headlong into the movie industry’s right to be free of government censorship.
A Cultural Explanation for Early Political Broadcast Policy: Values of Partisanship and Neutrality • Timothy P. Vos, Seton Hall University • This paper offers a brief description of the political broadcasting policy that emerged during the 1920s and early 1930s. The focus, however, is on constructing a cultural explanation for this particular historical outcome. What were the cultural values, attitudes, and ideas that emerged in debate surrounding political broadcasting policy? By theorizing culture as a toolkit, two specific cultural values, partisanship and neutrality, were explored for their role in bounding the agency of various historical actors.
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